Public Switched

Telephone Network
(PSTN)
GROUP 2:
NGUON LEANGSIM, OTDOM SOURSDEY, PHAN CHIVON,
PHEAV PANHA, PROM CHAN MONY, SANN SEYHA, LAURA FROUIN
Content

1. Introduction
2. Evolution of PSTN (Circuit switching vs Packet
switching)
3. Structure of PSTN
4. Digital hierarchies (PDH E1 and T1, SONET, SDH)
5. Medium sharing
6. Exchanges
Introduction
 PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network) also known as
the plain old telephone system (POTS) is basically the inter-
connected telephone system over which telephone calls
are made via copper wires.
 PSTN is based on the principles of circuit switching
 Therefore when a call is made a particular dedicated
circuit activates which eventually deactivates when the
call ends
 Telephone calls transmits as analogue signals across
copper wires
PSTN Architecture
Evolution of PSTN
Inception
 1876: Invention of the first telephone by sir
Alexander Graham Bell
 Telephones were sold in pairs and the
customers were supposed to lay out there
own cables
 Connectivity type – point to point
connections
 Network structure – mesh topology
 28th January 1878 – Worlds’ first telephone
exchange was established at New - Haven
in Connecticut in the USA
 Network structure – star topology
 Switching technique – manual switching
Intermediate
 1887 – Almon Brown Strowger invented the
first electromechanical switch, known as
the Strowger switch or step by step switch
 1920’s – Rotary dial telephones enters
service
 1935 – Crossbar switches were introduced
 1950 – Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) is
introduced
 1960s – touch tone pad phones were
introduced
 1968 – stored program control switching
was introduces
Present
 In today’s PSTN, call routing from
source to destination is
predominantly controlled by
digital switches that were
introduced in the 1970’s
 Apart from voice
communications, data
communications are also
provided via the PSTN at present.
Structure of PSTN
National publish switched
telecommunication network
 Local network: connects customers station to their local exchanges
 Junction network: interconnects a group of local exchanges serving
an area and a tendem or trunk exchange.
 The trunk network or toll network: provides long-distance circuits
between local areas throughout the country.
 Tendem exchange means the sequences of trunks that exchange the
route of one line (customer or subscriber) to other line from local
exchange to regional exchange to national exchange and last one is
international exchange.
Digital hierarchies
 In digital multiplexing several message are transmitted
via same physical channel. For multiplexing 64 kbit/s
channels in digital exchanges following three methods
are available
 PDH (plesiochronous digital hierarchy) is the multiplex
group of 24 or 30 channels which used to build block for
larger number of channels in higher-order multiplex
systems. (European PDH and North America PDH)
 SONET (synchronous optical network)
 SDH (synchronous digital hierarchy)
European plesiochronous digital
hierarchy

 These system all use bit interleaving. The frame length is the same as for the primary
multiplex, i.e. 125 µs since determined by the basic channel sampling rate of 8 kHz.
 European PCM frame = 32 time slots x 8bits x 8000 Hz = 2048 kbit/s
 E1 = 2048 Mbps (30 channels)
 E2 = 8448 Mbps (120 channels)
 E3 = 34,368 Mbps (480 channels)
 E4 = 139,264 Mbps (1920 channels)
North American plesiochronous
digital hierarchy

 North American PCM frame = 24 time slots x 8 bits x 8000 Hz = 1544

Mbit/s
 T1 = 1,544 Mbps (24 channels)
 T2 = 6,312 Mbps (96 channels)
 T3 = 44,736 Mbps (672 channels)
 T4 = 274,16 Mbps (4032 channels)
 The synchronous digital hierarchy
 SDH is a standard technology for synchronous
data transmission on optical media. It provides
faster and less expensive network interconnection
than traditional PDH equipment.
 In digital telephone transmission, "synchronous"
means the bits from one call are carried within
one transmission frame. "Plesiochronous" means
"almost (but not) synchronous," or a call that must
be extracted from more than one transmission
frame.
 SDH uses the following Synchronous Transport
Modules (STM) and rates: STM-1 (155 megabits per
second), STM-4 (622 Mbps), STM-16 (2.5 gigabits
per second), and STM-64 (10 Gbps).
Circuit switching

 Circuit switching is a type of switching in which a dedicated

channel or circuit is established for the duration of communication.
 It guarantees the full bandwidth and
Remains connected for the duration of the
Comunication session until user terminate their
Connection

IT is ideal for communications which require

Data to be transmitted in real-time.
 It is normally used for traditional telephone call.
Packet switching

 Unlike circuit switching, packet switching break data to package

which contain necessary information for transmission.
 It doesn’t guarantee the full bandwidth, and contains delay.
 It is more flexible and more efficient if some amount of delay is
acceptable
 It is normally used to handle digital data.
The comparison
Analog signal cannot maintain high quality, carry less
info per second, not flexible.
Broadband
ISDN

 ISDN was developed by ITU-T in 1980s and improved in 1990s.

 It is a digital network to transmit voice, image, video, and text over
the existing PSTN.
 There are 3 kinds of channels in ISDN:
. Bearer channels
. Data channels(Delta)
. Hybrid channels
B Channels

- A bearer channel (B channel) is defined at a rate of
64 Kbps.
- It is the basic user channel and can carry any type of
digital information in full-duplex mode as long as the
required transmission rate does not exceed 64 Kbps
D Channels
- A data channel (D channel) can be either 16 or 64
Kbps, depending on the needs of the user.
- The primary function of D channel is to carry
control signaling information for the B channels.
. Who is calling
. Type of call
. Calling what number
- Can also be used for packet switching or low speed
telemetry
H Channels
- Carry user information at higher bit rates 384 kb/s or
1536 kb/s or 1920 kb/s.
- These rates suit H channels for high data-rate
applications such as video, teleconferencing, and so on.
- Can be used as a high-speed trunk.
- Can also be subdivided as per user’s own TDM scheme.
- Uses include high speed data, video,high-quality audio
2 ISND OPTION

 Basic Rate Interface (BRI)

 Primary Rate Interface(PRI)
BRI

 It uses 2 bearer channels and one 16Kbps data channel,

represented by the notation 2B+D
 • Two B channels of 64 Kbps each, plus 1 D channel
of 16 kbps, equal 144 kbps.
• In addition, the BRI services itself requires 48 kbps
of operating overhead.
• BRI therefore requires a digital pipe of 192 kbps.
• Conceptually, the BRI service is like a large pipe
that contains three smaller pipes, two for the B
channel and one for the D channel
PIR

 The usual primary rate interface(PRI) specifies a

digital pipe with 23 B channels and one 64 kbps D
channel.
In addition, the PRI service itself uses 8 kbps of
overhead.
The PRI services is like a large pipe containing
24 smaller pipes. 23 for B channels and 1 for D
channel.