SECTION TWO

STRUCTURE&
WRITTEN EXPRESSION
S T R U C T U R E & WRITTEN EXPRESSION:

 are the 2nd section of TOEFL PBT (Paper Based Test)

 have 40 questions and should be finished in 25 minutes.

 have two types of questions:

1. Structure (1 – 15)

2. Written Expression (16 – 40)

GENERAL STRATEGIES

 Be familiar with the directions

 Begin with questions 1 through 15

 Continue with questions 16 through 40

 If you have time, return to questions 11 through 15

 Never leave any questions blank on your answer sheet

 Guess to complete the section before time is up

THE STRUCTURE QUESTIONS
The Structure Questions

 1st type of this section

 Have 15 questions
 Test your knowledge of correct structure of English
sentences.

Example:

Homo Sapiens ………….. About 40.000 years a go

A. their first appearance
B. first appeared
C. first appearing
D. they first appeared
PROCEDURES FOR STRUCTURE QUESTIONS

1. First, study the sentences

2. Then, study each answer based on how well it completes

the sentences.

3. Do not try to eliminate incorrect answer by looking at the

answers.
S K I L LS
SKILL 1: SUBJECTS AND VERBS
1. A sentence in English must have at least one subject and one verb.

Ex: I teach TOEFL every Monday

S V

2. Common Types of Problems are:

A. Subject is missing
b. Verb is missing
c. S and V are missing
d. Has extra S or V
Example 1 Example 2

_____ was ringing continuously for hours.

Newspapers _______ every morning
and every evening.
(A) Loudly
(A) delivery
(B) In the morning
(B) are delivered
(C) The phone
(C) on time
(D) The bells
(D) regularly

The sentence does not The SUBJECT of the sentence is

have a SUBJECT. The NEWSPAPERS., but the VERB is
VERB is WAS RINGING. MISSING.

The best answer is (C) The best answer is (B)

 Example 3

The plane __________ landing

at the airport in five minutes.

(A) it is
(B) it really is
(C) is descending
(D) will be

The sentence does not have a

COMPLETE VERB. The
SUBJECT is The Plane.

The best answer is (D)

 Exercise 1

___I___ 1. My best friend always helpful with problems

___C__ 2. The bus schedule has changed since last week
______ 3. Accidentally dropped the glass on the floor

______ 4. The customer paying the clerk for the clothes

______ 5. The professor handed the syllabus to the students
______ 6. Each day practiced the piano for hours
______ 7. The basketball player tossed the ball into the hoop
______ 8. The new student in the class very talkative and friendly

______ 9. Walking with the children to School

______ 10. The whales headed south for the winter

SKILL 2: OBJECTS OF PREPOSITIONS
 Preposition: in, on, at, under, behind, in front of, below,
above, across from and etc.

 An object of a preposition is a noun or a pronoun

that comes after a preposition such as in, at, of, to,
by, behind, and on to form a prepositional phrase.

The trip (to the island) (on Saturday) will last

(for three hours).

 An object of preposition can cause confusion in the

structure of the TOEFL test.
Example

To Mike ____ was a big surprise.

(A) really
(B) the party
(C) funny
(D) When

A preposition is followed by a noun or pronoun that is

called an object of the preposition. If a word is an object
of a preposition, it is not the subject
 Exercise 2

___C__ 1. The name of the baby in the crib is Jack

____I_ 2. By the next meeting of the class need to turn in the
papers
_____ 3. The directions to the exercise on page twenty unclear
______ 4. Because of the heavy rain throughout the night,
the walkways are muddy
______ 5. During the week eat lunch in the school
cafeteria
______ 6. In the morning after the concert was tired
______ 7. In the summer the trip to the mountains is our
favorite trip
______ 8. In a box on the top shelf of the cabinet in the hallway of the
house

______ 9. With her purse in her hand ran through the door

______ 10. At 1:00 in the morning the alarm clock on the table
beside the bed rang
 Exercise (Skills 1 – 2)

_____ 1. During the meeting in the office discussed the schedule

______ 2. The doctor gave the patient a prescription

_____ 3. The tall evergreen trees along the road.

_____ 4. The watch in the jewelry box needs a new battery

______ 5. Pleasantly greets everyone in all the offices every morning

______ 6. In the office of the building across the street from the park on the corner.

______ 7. The dishes in the sink really need to be washed as soon as possible.

______ 8. In a moment of worry about the problem with the cash in the account.

______ 9. The plane from New York circling the airport.

______ 10. On a regular basis the plants in the boxes under the window
in the kitchen are watered and fed.
 TOEFL EXERCISE (Skills 1-2)
1. Mark Twain _____ the years after the Civil War the “Gilded Age.”
(A) called 6. The large carotid artery ____ to the main parts of the brain.
(B) calling (A) carrying blood
(B) blood is carried
(C) he called
(C) carries blood
(D) his calls (D) blood carries

2. Early ____ toes instead of hooves on their feet. 7.___ radio as the first practical system of wireless telegraphy.
(A) horses (A) Marconi’s development
(B) had horses (B) The development by Marconi
(C) horses had (C) Developing Marconi
(D) horses having (D) Marconi developed

3. ______ grow close to the ground in the short Arctic summer. 8. In 1975, the first successful space probe to ____ beginning
(A) Above tundra plants to send information back to Earth.
(B) Tundra plants (A) Venus
(B) Venus the
(C) Tundra plants are found
(C) Venus was
(D) For tundra plants (D) Venus it was

4. In 1867, ____ Alaska from the Russians for $7.2 million. 9. The two biggest resort _____ Arkansas are
(A) purchased the United States Hot Springs and Eureka Springs.
(B) to purchase the United States (A) in
(C) the United States’ purchase of (B) towns in
(D) the United States purchased (C) towns are
(D) towns are in
5. Between 1725 and 1750, New England witnessed an increase in the
specialization of _____. 10. NASA’S Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center ____ control
(A) occupations center for the Mercury Gemini, and Apollo space flights.
(A) it was at the
(B) occupies
(B) it was the
(C) they occupied (C) was the
(D) it occupied them (D) the
SKILL 3 : PRESENT PARTICIPLES
Present Participle : Verb + ing

e.g. arriving, teaching, studying

It can function as:

1. a part of the verb

2. an adjective
1. As a part of the verb

 If present participle (verb + ing) is accompanied by be

(am, is, are), it is a part of the VERB

Ex.

1. The train is arriving at station on time

S Part of Verb

2. The students are speaking English with the teacher

S Part of Verb
2. As an Adjective

 If present participle (verb + ing) is not accompanied by be,

it is an adjective

Ex.
1. The train arriving at station is now a hour late
S adjective V

2. The students speaking with the teachers are from class 10

Adjective V
S
Example

The film ____ appearing at the local theater is my favorite.

(A) now
(B) is
(C) it
(D) Was

APPEARING is present participle as an adjective.

The SUBJECT of the sentence is THE FILM and The VERB is IS.

The best answer is (A)

 Exercise 3

___C__ 1. The crying baby needs to be picked up

____I_ 2. The clothes are lying on the floor should go into the washing machine
Subject adjective Verb

______ 3. The waitress bringing the steaming soup to the waiting diners

______ 4. Most of the striking workers are walking the picket line

______ 5. For her birthday, the child is getting a talking boy

______ 6. The setting sun creating a rainbow of colors in the sky

______ 7. The ship is sailing to Mexico is leaving tonight

______ 8. The letters needing immediate answers are on the desk

______ 9. The boring class just ending a few minutes a go

______ 10. The fast-moving clouds are bringing freezing rain to the area
SKILL 4: PAST PARTICIPLES
Past Participle: Regular verb and Irregular verb (Verb3)

e.g. studied, taught, played

It can function as:

1. a part of the verb

2. an adjective
1. A part of the verb

 Past Participle is a part of verb if it appears with have or be.

 Past Participle is a part of verb if it is accompanied by have

or be.

Ex.
1. The mailman has left a letter in the mailbox
S Part of Verb

2. The classes were taught by Professor Smith

S Part of Verb
2. As an Adjective

 Past Participle is an adjective if it doesn’t appears with

have or be.

 Past Participle is an adjective if it is not accompanied by

have or be.

Ex.
1. The letter left in the mailbox was for me
S adjective V
2. The classes taught by Professor Smith were interesting
S adjective V
Example

The bread ____ baked this morning smelled delicious.

(A) has
(B) was
(C) it
(D) Just
• The subject of the sentence is THE BREAD
• The verb is SMELLED
• baked is only past participle as an ADJECTIVE
• The answer is (D): just
 Exercise 4

___I__ 1. The food is served in this restaurant is delicious

____C_ 2. The plane landed on the deserted runway

______ 3. The unexpected guests arrived just at dinnertime

______ 4. The courses are listed in the catalogue are required
course

______ 5. The teacher found the lost exam

______ 6. The small apartment very crowded and disorganized

______ 7. The photographs developed yesterday showed Sam and his friends

______ 8. The locked drawer contained the unworn jewels

______ 9. The tree was blown over in the storm was cut into logs

______ 10. The students registered in this course are listed on that sheet of paper
 Exercise (Skills 4 – 5)

1. Our hosts are serving drinks on the tiled patio.

2. The tired woman taking a much needed nap.

3. The letters were sent on Monday arrived on Wednesday.

4. The winners deserved the big prize.

5. The plants are growing in the garden need a lot of water.

6. The shining stars lit up the darkened sky.

7. The driver rapidly increased the speed of the racing car.

8. The excited children trying to build a snowman in the falling snow.

9. The students are completing the course will graduate in June.

 TOEFL EXERCISE (Skills 3-4)

1. The first _____ appeared during the last period of the

dinosaurs’ reign.
(A) flowers are plants 4. Pluto’s moon, Charon, _____
(B) plants have flowers in a slightly elliptical path around the plan
(C) plants flowers (A) moving
(D) flowering plants (B) is moving
(C) it was moving
2. The earliest medicines _____ from plants of various sorts. (D) in its movement
(A) obtaining
(B) they obtained 5. Techniques of breath control form
(C) were obtained an essential part of any _____ program
(D) they were obtained to improve the voice.
(A) it trains
3, Simple sails were made from canvas _____ over a frame. (B) train
(A) a stretch (C) trains
(B) stretched (D) training
(C) was stretched
(D) it was stretched
6. Robert E. Lee ____ the Confederate army to General Grant
in 1865 at the Appomattox Courthouse.
(A) surrendered
(B) he surrendered
9. Multinational companies ________
(C) surrendering
it increasingly important to employ
(D) surrender
internationally acceptable brand names.
7. The pituitary gland, _____ the brain, releases hormones to (A) finding
control other glands. (B) are finding
(A) found below (C) they find
(B) it is found below (D) they are finding
(C) its foundation below
(D) finds itself below 10. The cornea is located under the conjunctiva,
on ______ of the eye.
8. At around two years of age, many children regularly (A) the part is exposed
produce sentences _____ three or four words. (B) exposed the part
(A) are containing (C) the exposed part
(B) containing (D) exposes the part
(C) contain.
(D) contains planet.
 TOEFL REVIEW EXERCISE (Skills 1-4)

1. _____ first settled the Hawaiian Islands between A.D.

300 and 750.
(A) The Polynesians
(B) The Polynesians arrived
(C) Because of the Polynesians
(D) It was the Polynesians

2. In 1066, a bright comet _____ in the sky attracted much

attention.
4. In the Stone Age, stone tools _____ with other rock
(A) was appearing
(B) appears materials.
(C) it appeared (A) polishing
(D) appearing (B) they polished
(C) for polish
3. In some daguerreotype cameras, _____ through a (D) were polished
hole in the
back of the box. 5. The first steamship to cross the Atlantic ____
(A) the objects view Savannah, in 1819.
(B) the object was viewed (A) was the
(C) from the view of the object (B) it was the
(D) viewed the object (C) the
(D) in it the
6. The Earth’s plates meet each other at cracks in the
Earth _____ faults.
(A) were called
(B) calls
(C) called
(D) it was called

7. The first plant-like organisms probably _____ in the sea,

perhaps 3 billion years ago.
(A) life 9. In Watch the Skies, Curtis Peebles ______attempt to
(B) living explain
(C) lived America’s belief in flying saucers.
(D) it was living (A) makes a fascinating
(B) making a fascinating
8. In male pattern baldness, ______strongly (C) fascination with making
influences the degree of hair loss. (D) fascination made a
(A) heredity
(B) inherited 10. The irregular coastline of _____ a succession of bays
(C) inherits and inlets, with the hook of the Cape Cod peninsula in the
(D) heredity has southeast.
(A) Massachusetts
(B) Massachusetts is
(C) Massachusetts it is
(D) Massachusetts on
SKILL 5: COORDINATE CONNECTORS
COORDINATE CONNECTORS: and, but, or, so

 Many sentences in English have more than one clause

 Clause is a group of words containing a Subject and a Verb
 Two clauses in English sentences are connected by a
Coordinate Connector (and, but, or, so )

Look at the sentences below:

 The sun was shining, and the sky was blue

 The sky was blue, but it was very cold

 It may rain tonight, or it may be clear

 It was raining outside, so I took my umbrella

Example
I forgot my coat, _______ I got very cold.

(A) then
(B) so
(C) later
(D) as a result
 Coordinate Connectors
and but or so

S V Coor. Connectors S V

It was raining, but Bill went out

 Exercise 5

__C__ 1. The lawn needs water every day, or it will turn brown

__I __ 2. The book was not long, but it difficult to read

______ 3. It was raining, so decided not to go camping

______ 4. The material has been cut, and the pieces have been sewn together

______ 5. The patient took all the medicine, he did not feel much better

______ 6. The bill must be paid immediately, or the electricity will turned off

______ 7. The furnace broke so the house got quite cold

______ 8. The dress did not cost too much, but the quality it seemed excellent
______ 9. The leaves kept falling off the tress, and the boys kept raking them
up, but the yard was still covered
______ 10. The postman has already delivered the mail, so the letter is
not going to arrive today, it probably will arrive tomorrow
SKILL 6: ADVERB CLAUSE CONNECTORS
Adverb clause connectors are

 Because  Although
 After  Even though
 Before  Though
 When  While
 Until  If
 Since  Whether
 As
Look at the sentence below:

 He is tired because he has been working hard or

 Because he has been working hard, he is tired

 He is tired = adverb clause

 He has been working hard = adverb clause

 Because = connector
Example

….. arrived at the library, he started to work immediately

A. The students
B. When
C. He
D. After the student
 Exercise 6
______ 1. After the plane circled the airport, it landed on the main runway

______ 2. The registration process took many hours since the lines so long

______ 3 This type of medicine can be helpful, it can also have some bad side effects

______ 4. The waves were amazingly high when the storm hit the coastal town

______ 5. We need to get a new car whether is on sale or not

______ 6. Just as the bread came out of the oven, while a wonderful aroma
filled the kitchen
______ 7. Everyone has spent time unpacking boxes since the family moved
into the new house

______ 8. Although the area is a desert many plants bloom there in the springtime

______ 9. The drivers on the freeway drove slowly and carefully while the rain was
falling heavily because they did not want to have an accident

______ 10. If you plan carefully before you take a trip, will have a much
better time because the small details will not cause problems
 Exercise 5 - 6

_____1. The lawyer presented a strong case, but the client was still found guilty.

_____ 2. After the children read some stories before they went to bed.

_____ 3. The report needed to be completed, the workers stayed late every night for a week.

_____ 4. If you do not turn on the lights, you will trip in the dark.

_____ 5. A thick fog came rolling in, so planes unable to land.

_____ 6. All of the shoes are on sale until the current stock is gone.

_____ 7. The ship leaving the dock even though some passengers were not on board.

_____ 8. The outline must be turned in to the teacher a week before the paper is due, and must
approve it.

_____ 9. Because the food was cold when it was served the diners sent it back to the kitchen.

_____ 10. You should slow down while you are driving, or the police will pull your car over.
 TOEFL EXERCISE (Skills 5-6)

1. A spacecraft is freed from friction ____ launched into space.

(A) it
(B) it is
4. A car has several sections with
(C) after is
moving parts, of those
(D) after it is
parts is essential.
(A) good lubrication
2. ____ with their surroundings, or they hide in crevices for
(B) well lubricated
protection.
(C) and good lubrication
(A) Lobsters
(D) and well lubricated
(B) Lobsters blend
(C) Lobsters blending
5. Bears cannot see well _____ small eyes.
(D) Because lobsters blend
(A) bears have
(B) because having
3. _____ a ball-and-socket joint, the elbow is a simple hinge
(C) because they have
joint.
(D) because of bears
(A) While the shoulder
(B) While the shoulder is
(C) The shoulder is
(D) The shoulder
6. _____ at the Isthmus of Panama, so animals were able to
migrate between North and South America.
(A) A land bridge existed
(B) When a land bridge existed 9. An optical microscope magnifies
(C) A land bridge as much as 2,000 times, but an electron
(D) With a land bridge microscope as much as a million times.
(A) magnifying
7. mostly made of granite, it also contains some (B) it magnifies
human-made materials. (C) can magnify
(A) The Empire State Building (D) magnify it
(B) The Empire State Building is
(C) Although the Empire State Building is 10. If scientific estimates are accurate,
(D) Although the Empire State Building is ___ _ with the Earth about
built 20,000 years ago.
(A) the Canon Diablo meteorite collided
8. Pressure differences make the eardrum vibrate _____ (B) the collision of the Canon Diablo
the ear. meteorite
(A) enters the sound waves (C) the Canon Diablo meteorite colliding
(B) as sound waves (D) colliding the Canon Diablo meteorite
(C) sound waves enter
(D) as sound waves enter
 TOEFL REVIEW EXERCISE (Skills 1-6)

1. _____ of the Pueblo Indians centered on intensive

agriculture.
(A) The economic activity
(B) Because the economic activity
4. _____, igneous rocks may be changed into
(C) The economy was active
gneisses.
(D) When the economic activity
(A) The temperature is high
(B) If the temperature is high
2. In popular terminology, any long snowstorm
(C) High temperatures
with ____is called a blizzard.
(D) If high temperature
(A) the amount of wind is large
(B) a large amount of wind
5. In 1905, Henry Flagler _____ his plans
(C) it is very windy
to extend his Florida East Coast Railway
(D) very windy
out across the sea to Key West.
(A) it was announced
3. Nuclear power can be produced by fusion,
(B) announcement
_____ produced by fission.
(C) the announcement of
(A) it can also be
(D) announced
(B) it can also
(C) and it can also be
(D) and it can also
6. The sound ____ from a vibrating object will be high or low
depending on the number of vibrations.
(A) Comes
(B) it is coming
(C) is coming
(D) Coming

7. During the late 1880s, urban streetcars were electrified through

______ large motors.
(A) they used 9. Legislation _______ in 1916 and 1917 gave the
(B) used Wilson administration authority to intervene in the
(C) the use of national economy if it proved necessary.
(D) when they used (A) it was passed
(B) was passed
8. _____ almost 274 square miles, but 96 percent (C) passed
of the park is under water. (D) passes
(A) Although Biscayne National Park
encompasses 10. Because a family of birds set up housekeeping in
(B) Biscayne National Park encompasses Joel Chandler Harris’s mailbox when the birds were
(C) Biscayne National Park encompassing in need of a place to stay, ______ the Wren’s Nest.
(D) Biscayne National Park
(A) the home is named
(B) so the home is named
(C) naming the home
(D) the home’s name
SKILL 7: NOUN CLAUSE CONNECTORS
 NCC is a clause that functions as a noun

 NCC has two functions:

 1. As an object of a verb (if it follows a VERB)

 2. As an object of a preposition
(if it follows a PREPOSITION)
1. As an object of a verb (if it follows a VERB)

 I don’t know
 Why did she like facebook?

I don’t know why she liked facebook

S + V NOUN CLAUSE AS
OBJECT OF VERB

 I am wondering
 How long have you lived in Tangerang

I am wondering how long you have lived in Tangerang

Noun clause as object of a verb
2. As an object of a preposition
(if it follows a PREPOSITION)

 I am thinking about
 Who did she love a lot?

I am thinking about Who she loved a lot?

S +V NOUN CLAUSE AS OBJECT OF
PREPOSITION

 I am thinking about
 Why did he say such things?
I am thinking about why he said such things
Example:

The citizens worry about ____ is doing.

(A) what the government

(B) the government
(C) what
(D) what the government it
 NOUN CLAUSE CONNECTORS

 What  Who
 When  Why
 Where  Whether / If

S V noun S V
c. connector
Sally explained why she did it
 Exercise 7
C 1. It is unfortunate that the meal is not ready yet
______

I 2. She told me when should pick her up

______

______ 3. The instructor explained where was the computer lab located

______ 4. We could not believe what he did to us

______ 5. Do you want to know if it going to rain tomorrow

______ 6. We never know whether we will get paid or not

______ 7. This evening you can decide what do you want to do

______ 8. The manager explained how wanted the worked done

______ 9. The map showed where the party would be held

______ 10. Can you tell me why was the mail not delivered today
SKILL 8:

NOUN CLAUSE CONNECTOR / SUBJECTS

• In skill 7 NCC is used to introduce noun clause
• NCC is not just a connector but also a subject of the clause at
the same time
• NCC/subjects have two functions:

1. As an object of a verb (if it follows a VERB)

2. As an object of a preposition
(if it follows a PREPOSITION)
1. As an object of a verb (if it follows a VERB)

• I know what happened yesterday

noun clause as object of verb

• I know what happened yesterday

S V
2. As an object of a preposition
(if it follows a PREPOSITION)

 We are thinking about what happened yesterday

noun clause as object of preposition

 We are thinking about what happened yesterday

S V
Example

The company was prepared for ________ happened

with the economy.

(A) it
(B) the problem
(C) what
(D) When
NOUN CLAUSE CONNECTOR/SUBJECTS

WHO WHAT WHICH

S V noun clause V
connector/Subject

Al told me what happened

 Exercise 8
C 1. The teacher heard who answered the questions
______

I 2. I do not understand what it went wrong

______

______ 3. Of the three movies, I can’t decide which is the best

______ 4. She did not remember who in her class

______ 5. No one is sure what did it happen in front of the building

______ 6. We found out which was her favorite type of candy

______ 7. Do you know what caused the plants to die

______ 8. I am not sure which it is the most important course in the program

______ 9. We thought about who would be the best vice president

______ 10. She saw what in the box in the closet

 Exercise 7 - 8

1. It doubtful whether he will pass the test or not.

2. The group discussed who he should receive the prize.

3. It is not certain why the class was cancelled.

4. I will do what does it need to be done.

5. We forgot when did the movie start.

6. I would like to ask if you could come over for dinner this weekend.

7. The children knew which the best game to play.

8. The advisor informed her that needed to add another class.

9. He saw who took the money.

10. It is unclear how the window got broken.

 TOEFL Exercise (Skill 7-8)

1. Today, the true story of _____ at Little Bighorn remains a

mystery.
(A) Happened 4. No single factor explains why _____
(B) it happened vary so greatly among individuals.
(C) what happened (A) aging affects
(D) what happening (B) the effects of aging
(C) aging has an effect
2. For more than a decade, ____ that certain species are (D) the aging effect
becoming scarce.
(A) the warnings of bird-watchers 5. Lack of clarity about ____ the party
(B) warn the bird-watchers in the coming year will be removed
(C) birdwatchers have warned at the party’s convention.
(D) a warning for bird-watchers (A) will lead
(B) lead
3. Early in the eighteenth century, (C) they will lead
Halley accurately predicted when ____ of 1682 (D) who will lead
would return.
(A) the comet
(B) was the comet
(C) the comet was
(D) had the comet
6. We do not ____ the bow drill was first developed for
woodworking or fire making.
(A) whether it
(B) know whether it 9. The National Institute of Dental Research
(C) know whether estimates _____ in fluoridated areas have
(D) sure whether about 25 percent less tooth decay
than children elsewhere.
7. Minute Man National Historical Park is a monument to (A) for school children
where _____ (B) school children’s
(A) the beginning of the Revolutionary War (C) that school children
(B) in the beginning of the Revolutionary War (D) that for school children
(C) the Revolutionary War to begin
(D) the Revolutionary War began 10. The process of photosynthesis explains
how ____ able to use the energy in
8. Tests on the colors of cars were conducted sunlight to manufacture foods from
at the University of California to determine the simple chemicals in air and water.
_____ the safest colors for cars. (A) green plants
(A) which (B) green plants are
(B) which were (C) planting greens
(C) if (D) with green plants are
(D) how were
 TOEFL Review Exercise (Skill 1-8)

1. Air near the equator ____ a faster west-to-east motion than

air farther from the equator.
(A) to have 4. ____ aerodynamic design has contributed
(B) it has greatly to reducing resistance to motion.
(C) has (A) Improved
(D) having (B) It improves
(C) Improvement
2. About 4000 B.C., humans discovered that (D) They improve
____ obtained from special rocks called ores.
(A) metals could be 5. The southern part of Florida is much
(B) the ability of metallic warmer in the winter than the northern part,
(C) possibly metallic so more _____ to the south.
(D) could metals be (A) flocking tourists
(B) touring flocks
3. ____ quickly after an animal dies. (C) flocks of tourists
(A) In the degradation of DNA (D) tourists flock
(B) Degrading DNA
(C) DNA degrades
(D) For DNA to degrade
6. The Moon’s gravity pulls water on the near side of the Earth
toward the Moon, and this is what _____ tides to occur.
(A) the cause
(B) causes
(C) causing 9. A typical Atlantic hurricane starts as a low
(D) the cause of pressure system near _____.
(A) Africa coasts
7. ____, they pick up fragments of rock which (B) coast to Africa
become frozen into the base of the ice. (C) the African coast
(A) Glaciers move (D) Africa has a coast
(B) Glaciers moving
(C) They were glaciers 10. It is not clear whether the subdivisions of
(D) As glaciers move the neocortex _____ units.
(A) individual
8. The tape measure first evolved from (B) are individual
____ used by the Egyptians. (C) they are individual
(A) the chains measure (D) individually
(B) the chains are measured
(C) the chains are measuring
(D) the measuring chains
SKILL 9: ADJECTIVE CLAUSE CONNECTORS
 An adjective clause describes a noun. Because the clause is
an adjective, it is positioned directly after the noun that it
describes.

This is the house that I want to buy

Adjective clause

The house that I want to buy is quite expensive

Adjective clause
Example

The job …….. Started yesterday was rather difficult

(A) When
(B) Was
(C) after
(D) that he
 Charts Lists

Adjective Clause Connectors

whom which that
(for people) (for things) (for people or thing)

S V Adjective clause connector S V

I Like the dress you are wearing
that

S Adjective clause connector S V V

The dress you are wearing is beautiful
that
 Exercise 9

__C__ 1. I did not believe the story that he told me

__I __ 2. Ms. Brown, whom did you recommend for the job,
will start work tomorrow

______ 3. The lecture notes which lent me were not clearly written
______ 4. Sally has an appointment with the hairdresser whom you
recommended

______ 5. The phone number that you gave me

______ 6. She is able to solve all the problems which did she cause

______ 7. The day that she spent on the beach left her sunburned
______ 8. Next week I am going to visit my cousins, whom have no seen in
several years

______ 9. Did you forget the promise whom you made?

______ 10. The teacher whom the students like the most is their history
teacher
SKILL 10:

ADJECTIVE CLAUSE CONNECTORS/SUBJECTS

 In skill 9, ACC can be used to introduce clauses that describe
nouns.
• In skill 10, ACC is not just a connector, ACC can also be
SUBJECT of the clause at the same time

We are looking at a house that is quite expensive

Adjective clause

The house that is quite expensive seems like a great house

Adjective clause
Example

……….just dropped off a package for you is my sister

(A) The woman

(B) The woman who
(C) Because the woman
(D) With the woman
 Charts Lists

Adjective Clause Connectors/Subjects

who which that
(for people) (for things) (for people or thing)

S V Adjective clause connector/subject V

I bought the dress was on sale
that

S Adjective clause connector/subject V V

The dress Was on sale was beautiful
that
 Exercise 10

__C__ 1. The children that were vaccinated did not get sick

__I __ 2. I did not vote for the politician who he just won the election

______ 3. The dog that barking belongs to my neighbor

______ 4. I took two of blue pills, which were very effective

______ 5. We rented an apartment from the landlord who does he own the
buildings on Maple Street
______ 6. She forgot to attend the meeting which it began at 11:30
______ 7. Any student who does not turn in the paper by Friday
will fail the class

______ 8. The people which came in late had to sit at the back
______ 9. The courses that satisfy the graduation requirements
they are difficult
______ 10. After dinner she went to visit her parents, who were living
down the street
 Exercise 9 - 10

1. My sisters prefer to eat food that have cooked themselves.

2. The boat that hit the underwater rock sank.

3. The car which he was driving could not possibly be his.

4. The children built a house in the tree that in the backyard.

5. The cost of the trip which we wanted to take.

6. The children are playing with the toys which their mother told them to put away.

7. The guests who were seated around the dinner table.

8. The students have to read all the chapters which are on the test.

9. I really do not like the artists which you like.

10. The stones that they were set in the ring were quite valuable.
 TOEFL Exercise (Skill 9-10)

1. Modern humans, who first appeared about 600,000

years ago, _____ Homo sapiens.
(A) calling 4. Benjamin Kabelsky, whom ____
(B) were called as Jack Benny, was a famous comedian
(C) they called in vaudeville and on radio and television.
(D) they were called (A) most people’s knowledge
(B) most people know
2. The first writing _____ evidence of is (C) knowing most people
on Mesopotamian clay tablets. (D) the knowledge of most people
(A) we
(B) that we 5. _____ that hunted other animals tended
(C) has to have very narrow, sharp, curved claws.
(D) that we have (A) For dinosaurs
(B) Dinosaurs are known
3. _____ drought-resistant plants which store water in (C) Dinosaurs
fleshy tissue. (D) Like dinosaurs
(A) Succulents are
(B) Succulents
(C) They are succulents
(D) Succulents which are
6. The first eyeglasses had convex lenses for the aged who
____ farsighted.
(A) had become
9. Willa Cather is an author _____
(B) they had become
for her evocative and memorable
(C) becoming
vision of frontier prairie life.
(D) it became
(A) whom readers
(B) the praise of readers
7. Chimney Rock, ____ 500 feet above the North Platte
(C) whom praisings
River, has eroded considerably in the last two centuries,
(D) whom readers praise
(A) stands
(B) is standing
10. Mars’s tiny moon Phobos is a small
(C) it stands
mountain of rock that _____
(D) which stands
from the asteroid belt by
Mars’s gravitational pull.
8. _____ that accompany recurring bouts of
(A) was probably captured
severe depression reduce bone density.
(B) it probably
(A) It changes hormones
(C) the probable capture
(B) Hormonal changes
(D) probably the capture
(C) The hormones change
(D) The change in hormones is
 TOEFL REVIEW Exercise (Skill 1-10)
4. Fort Union was the site of what ____
principal fur-trading post on
1. _____ is famous as the home of the U.S. Naval Academy. the upper Missouri River.
(A) Annapolis (A) the
(B) Because of Annapolis (B) being the
(C) Why Annapolis (C) was the
(D) Because Annapolis (D) it was the

2. Some scientists think _____ be a planet but a moon of 5. Since _____ commercial risk,
Neptune. it has to appeal to a large audience
(A) that Pluto does not seem. to justify its cost.
(B) not Pluto (A) the face of the movie
(C) Pluto that might not (B) moving faces
(D) that Pluto might not (C) a movie faces
(D) to face a movie
3. With _____ of sophisticated oil lamps, elaborate tools
were made to cut the wicks. 6. A current of water known as the Gulf
(A) appeared Stream comes up from the Gulf of
(B) the appearance Mexico, and then ____
(C) the appearance was the North Atlantic toward Europe.
(D) it appeared (A) it crosses
(B) crossing
(C) with its crosses
(D) crosses it
7. Systems ____ the two symbols 0 and 1 are called binary
number systems.
(A) use 9. The Earth’s atmosphere consists of gases
(B) they use _____ in place around the Earth
(C) uses by the gravitational pull of the planet.
(D) using (A) held
(B) hold
8. Genes, _____ the blueprints for cell construction, (C) it holds
exist in tightly organized packages called (D) the hold
chromosomes.
(A) are 10. Oscar Hammerstein II collaborated with
(B) they are a number of composers including
(C) which Jerome Kern, whom _____
(D) which are in writing the musical Show Boat.
(A) joined
(B) was joined
(C) he joined
(D) joining
End of Structure Questions
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