DIFFERENTIATION

AND
APPLICATIONS
 TECHNIQUES OF DIFFERENTIATION
Derivative is one of the fundamental idea in calculus.
Process of finding the derivatives of functions is called
differentiation.
By implementing the concept of limits, the derivative of
f (x) is given by
f ( x  h)  f ( x )
f ( x)  lim
h 0 h
provided that the limit exists.
.
This is known as differentiation of function f (x) by first
principle.

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS AND STATISTICS, FSTPi

 TECHNIQUES OF DIFFERENTIATION
Basic differentiation

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 PRODUCT & QUOTIENT RULE
Product rule Quotient rule
u ( x)
Let y ( x)  u ( x)v( x) Let y ( x) 
v( x)
Then Then
dy dy u v  uv
 uv  uv 
dx dx v2

Example: Product and quotient rule

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 CHAIN RULE
Chain rule is a useful rule for computing the derivative of
a composition of two functions.
Let y  f ( g ( x)) , where u  g ( x) , then y  f (u )
By using chain rule
dy dy du
 
dx du dx
Example: Chain rule

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS AND STATISTICS, FSTPi

 IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION
Compare the following two equations

1 y  x2  3
- Define y as a function of x
explicitly
- The equation gives an
explicit formula y = f (x)
2 x 2
 y 2
4
- Not Define y as a function
of x
- However, we can solve for
y and find at least two
functions that are defined
implicitly.
- The differentiation of
implicit function is called
implicit differentiation

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS AND STATISTICS, FSTPi

 IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION
How to differentiate implicit functions??
TECHNIQUE 1
dy
Let x  y  4 , example of implicit function. Find
2 2
.
dx
Step 1 Differentiate both side with respect to x
d 2 d
( x  y )  (4)
2

dx dx
Step 2 Be careful to recognize that differentiating any
function of y will require the chain rule
d 2 d 2 d dy
2x  ( y )  0 ( y )  
dx dx dy dx
dy
 2y
dx
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 IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION
dy
Step 3 Gather on one side of the equation, then
dx
dy
solve for
dx
dy
2x  2 y 0
dx
dy
2y  2 x
dx
dy 2 x x
 
dx 2 y y
Example: Implicit differentiation

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS AND STATISTICS, FSTPi

 IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION
TECHNIQUE 2
dy
Let x  y  4 , example of implicit function. Find
2 2
.
dx
Step 1 Write x 2  y 2  4  0  F ( x, y).
dy Fx
Step 2 Then   , where Fx and Fy are partial
dx Fy
derivative of x and y respectively.

Example: Implicit differentiation

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS AND STATISTICS, FSTPi

 LOGARITHMIC DIFFERENTIATION
Logarithmic differentiation is for a function:
1. That involve very tedious quotient function
Example: x5
y
(1  10 x)( x 2  2)

2. Functions in form y  ( f ( x)) g ( x )

Example:
y  2xx
Step 1 Taking natural logarithm (ln) of both sides
Step 2 Differentiate both side with respect to x and solve
For f ‘ (x)
Example: Logarithmic differentiation

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 HIGHER ORDER DERIVATIVES
Let y = f (x)

Example: Higher order

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 DIFFERENTIATION OF PARAMETRIC EQUATIONS
Parametric equations
In mathematics, parametric equation is a method of
defining a curve using parameters. A simple example is
when one uses a time parameter to determine the
position, velocity, and other information about a body in
motion.
We define both x and y in terms of a third variable called
a parameter:
x  f (t ) y  g (t )

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS AND STATISTICS, FSTPi

 DIFFERENTIATION OF PARAMETRIC EQUATIONS
First derivatives Second derivatives
dy dy dt d 2 y d  dy 
    
dx dt dx dx 2
dx  dx 
dy
d  dy  dt
  
 dt dt  dx  dx
dx
dt d  dy 
 
dt  dx 

dx
dt
Example: Parametric equations

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS AND STATISTICS, FSTPi

 APPLICATIONS
Rate of change
Rate of change is such problems to find the rate at which
some quantity is changing.
Step of solving
1 Make a simple sketch (if appropriate)
2 Set up an equation relating all of the relevant quantities
3 Chain rule
4 Substitute all known values
5 Solve
Example: Rate of change

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS AND STATISTICS, FSTPi

 APPLICATIONS
Maximum and minimum problems
Relative extremum
The maximum and minimum point that relative to
nearby point in interval [a,b] known as relative extremum
of a function.
maximum

a minimum b

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS AND STATISTICS, FSTPi

 APPLICATIONS
How to determine relative extremum?
1 Find ALL critical point(s) by let f ( x)  0
Case 1 Point(s) when f ( x)  0
Case 2 Point(s) when f ( x) not differentiable
2 For case 1  Use First derivative test or Second
derivative test to find the relative minimum
or maximum
For case 2  Use First derivative test only to find the
relative minimum or maximum

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS AND STATISTICS, FSTPi

 APPLICATIONS
First derivative test
Examine the sign of f ( x)
Let c is critical number, the function has:
Relative maximum Relative minimum

Not maximum or minimum

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS AND STATISTICS, FSTPi

 APPLICATIONS
Second derivative test
Let c is critical number, the function has:
Relative maximum if f (c)  0
Relative minimum if f (c)  0
But if f (c)  0  we have to check relative extremum
of function using First derivative test

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS AND STATISTICS, FSTPi

 APPLICATIONS
Application (optimization problems)
Step of solving
1 Make a simple sketch (if appropriate)
2 Set up an equation relating all of the relevant quantities
3 Express the quantity to be maximized or minimized
as a function of one variable by using a given condition
4 Find the interval of possible value for variable in 3
5 Solve by using method for finding relative extremum
of functions.
Example: Application

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 APPLICATIONS
Sketching rational functions
Let f (x) is rational function.
How to sketch f (x)
Step 1 Check Sketching rational function if necessary
Step 2 Sketch the graph using all information in Step 1
and label all information

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS AND STATISTICS, FSTPi

 APPLICATIONS
Analysis of function
Increase, decrease or constant ?

Constant
The function f (x) is The function f (x) The function f (x) is
increasing on interval is decreasing on constant on interval
[a,b] if interval [a,b] if [a,b] if
f ( x)  0 f ( x)  0 f ( x)  0
for any point in [a,b] for any point in for any point in [a,b]
[a,b]

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS AND STATISTICS, FSTPi

 APPLICATIONS
Concavity The graph of f (x) is
concave up on interval
[a,b] if
f ( x)  0
Concave down
The graph of f (x) is Concave up
concave down on interval
[a,b] if
f ( x)  0
Inflection point : The point where
the concavity change.
How to analyze the function?
1 Determine the interval by let f ( x)  0 and f ( x)  0
2 Check sign of f ( x) and f ( x) for every interval
Example: Sketching rational function
DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS AND STATISTICS, FSTPi
 APPLICATIONS
L’ Hopital’s rules
L’ Hopital’s rule is a general method for using derivatives
to find limits of indeterminate form.
Indeterminate form
0 
lim f ( x)  , or , or 0  , or   , or 00 , or  0 , or 1
x a 0 
L’ Hopital’s rules
g ( x) 0 
If we have lim  , or
x  a h( x ) 0 
Then by using L’ Hopital’s rule
g ( x) g ( x)
lim  lim
x  a h( x ) x a h( x )

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS AND STATISTICS, FSTPi

 APPLICATIONS
Divide the indeterminate form to 4 cases
0 
Case 1 lim f ( x)  , or
x a 0 
This is the basic form. Just
apply L’ Hopital’s rule to
find the limit.
Case 2 lim f ( x)  0 
x a

1. Rewriting function as a ratio

function to find the basic form
2. Apply L’ Hopital rule

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS AND STATISTICS, FSTPi

 APPLICATIONS

Case 3 lim f ( x)    
x a

1. Combining the term to

find the basic form
2. Apply L’ Hopital rule
Case 4 lim f ( x)  00 , or 0 , or 1
x a
1. Introducing y  f ( x)
g ( x)

2. Taking ln for both side  lim ln y  lim ln f ( x) g ( x )

x a x a
then find limits for both side
3. Find basic form for the right
hand side limit
4. Apply L’ Hopital rule
Example: L’ Hopital’s rule

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS AND STATISTICS, FSTPi