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Abundance of Elements
Abundance of
elements in the
universe and in
Earth’s crust (in
atom percent)
Elements in the body
Elemental
Composition
of the Human
Body
Elements & Compounds
• Element Symbols
• English (H, O, N, C, Cl, Ne, Mg, etc.)
• Latin (Na, Fe, Ag, Au, Hg, Pb, Sn, etc.)
• German (W)
• Compound Formulas (based on LDP)
• SymbolsubscriptSymbolsubscript
• Identity of elementnumber of atoms
• H2O, CO2, NaCl, H2O2, Mg(OH)2
The known elements
← Elements
(names &
symbols)
Periodic Table
• Dmitri Mendeleev -->
Chemist
1869
• Henry Moseley
Physicist
1924
Modern PT
The periodic
table of the
elements is a
graphical way
to show
relationships
among the
elements.
In this periodic table, elements
58 through 71 and 90 through 103
are shown in their proper sequential
positions.
John Dalton’s Atomic Theory
4 postulates:
1. All matter is made of atoms. Atoms are indivisible and
indestructible.
Sodium 12
35 17
8 16
17 8
Isotopes
• Isotopes are “forms” of an element that
have varying #s of neutrons (n˚).
• Ex. Boron (Z = 5) has two isotopes
• Boron 10 (approximately 20 %)
• Boron 11 (approximately 80%)
• The atomic weight of an element is the
average of the masses of all the isotopes of
that element.
Examples of Isotopes
Atomic Weight
• Weighted (by %) average of the mass of
the naturally occurring isotopes of a
particular element (reported in AMU).
• Example: Element Mass (amu) Abundance
• V-50 49.95 0.250%
• V-51 50.94 99.750%
Metals vs. Nonmetals on PT
Atomic Theories in History
• Dalton’s
• Thomson’s
• Rutherford’s
• Bohr’s
• Quantum Mechanical (QM)
• Heisenberg; Schrodinger; Planck; Einstein,
etc.
Electron Arrangement (the Quantum
Mechanical Model of the Atom)
• The chemistry/behavior of elements is largely
determined by the number & arrangement of
electrons in their atoms.
• Electrons move about the nucleus (therefore have
kinetic energy).
• The amount of energy each electron has allows it to
occupy a defined spatial region at a certain distance
from the nucleus.
• The further from the nucleus, the greater the number
of electrons that can “share” the space.
• What are the limitations of the space & number of
electrons? (Hint: consider atomic forces)
QM numbers
• Principal (n) - defines the energy of the electron
• Shell (1,2,3, etc.) = distance from nucleus
• Azimuthal (l) - defines the shape of the region of space
• Subshell (s,p,d,f) = periodic
• Magnetic (ml) - defines the alignment in space of each
particular shaped region
• Orbital (x,y,z, etc.)
• Spin (ms) - defines the direction of spin on an axis of each
electron (one axis, therefore 2 spins possible)
• Clockwise (+1/2)
• Counterclockwise (-1/2)
Orbital Shapes = Subshells
The number of
subshells within a shell
is equal to the shell
number.
Orbital Alignments
Electron
configuration and
the positions of the
elements in the
periodic table.
Writing Electron Configurations -
expressing what you know!
• Each element has a unique arrangement
of electrons.
• However, this arrangement has a
consistent pattern (use the PT to know
the pattern).
• Thus, you can describe the electron
arrangement for any atom of any
element.
Examples
• O • Br
• Na • Zn
• Ca • Pb
• Fe • Cd
Valence electrons
• The electrons • Ex. Elements in periods 2 & 3
in the
outermost
shell =
valence
electrons!
Electron Configuration Shortcut -
expressing the arrangement of valence
electrons
• Use the Noble Gas • Sr
in the row
immediately prior to • U
the element to
represent the “core”
electrons • W
• Xe
Relationship between electron configuration
and periodic properties of elements
Classification
scheme for
the elements
based on their
electron
configurations
Periodic Trends of Properties
• Atomic size: based on atomic radius
• Group/column
• Period/row