MODULAR

SMARTPHONE
ADIL MOHAMMED SAGEER (1)
ALEN REJI KOKKAD
(5)
ABHIDEV R
(61)
TONY SEBASTIAN
(55)
 ABSTRACT
Our objective is to implement the technology of modular smartphone into today’s
world of technological revolution.

This technology provides user with the choice of customization according to their
needs

--Phones are very cheap

--The phone last indefinitely

--Repairs are easier and cheaper

--You can buy only the features you want and you can have two different versions
of your phone

--Reduces E-waste
 DISPLAY
OLED
Power Efficient.
Each pixels emit their own light.
High contrast ratio.
Greater viewing angles.
No screen bleeding issues.
Display looks vivid and sharper.
Brightness is low compared to lcd panel.
High cost and difficult to manufacture.
We are using an oled display because of its greater power efficiency and better display
quality over its LCD counterparts.
LCD
Less power efficient.
Has a backlight to light the display.
Less contrast ratio.
Lesser viewing angles.
Screen bleeding issues.
Colours are washed out and looks less
standard.
High brightness can be obtained.
Low cost and easy to manufacture.
 HOUSE OF QUALITY
0LED LCD

DISPLAY QUALITY 10 8

EFFICIENCY 10 7

CONTRAST RATIO 10 7

COST 8 10

BRIGHTNESS 8 10
SOC
 SOCs
A system on a chip or system on chip is an integrated circuit.

It integrates all components of a computer or other electronic system.

These components typically include a central processing unit (CPU), memory,

input/output ports and secondary storage – all on a single substrate.

Need to balance performance, power consumption, and cost

ARM-based processors are very common – Optimized for battery life as well as
performance

Remarkably low area and transistor count

Important for small form factors and low energy drain

 SOC

SNAPDRAGON 845 EXYNOS 9810 KIRIN 980

PERFORMANCE 2.8GHz 2.9GHz 2.6GHz

SIZE 10nm 10nm 7nm

CORE octa octa octa

GPU Adreno 630 Mali G72 Mali G76

 HOUSE OF QUALITY
SNAPDRAGON 845 EXYNOS 9810 KIRIN 980

PERFORMANCE 9 8 8

EFFICIENCY 9 8 10

AFFORDABILITY 10 9 9

MEMORY SPEED 10 8 8
 CPU

A key component of the SoC is the CPU. Most companies use a

CPU based a design from a company called ARM, and it handles
most things you experience on your smartphone, from running the
OS to touch-screen functions. When people talk about whether a
phone has an 800MHz processor or a 1GHz processor, they're
referring to the speed of the CPU. Additionally, single-core or
dual-core refers to the number of CPU cores.
 GPU

The GPU processes graphical and visual data, so it's responsible

for such things as rendering Web pages and gameplay. Having a
dedicated GPU is much more efficient than letting the CPU handle
it, since it allows for lower power consumption while offering such
benefits as better image processing and anti-aliasing and
geometric realism. The better the GPU, the better experience
you'll have viewing complex Web sites and 3D video games.
 MEMORY AND STORAGE

RAM, which is short for random access memory, is one of the critical components of the
smartphone along with the processing cores and dedicated graphics. Without RAM in
any sort of computing system like this your smartphone would fail to perform basic tasks
because accessing files would be ridiculously slow.

This type of memory is a middle man between the file-system, which is stored on the
ROM, and the processing cores, serving any sort of information as quickly as possible.
Critical files that are needed by the processor are stored in the RAM, waiting to be
accessed. These files could be things such as operating system components,
application data and game graphics; or generally anything that needs to be accessed at
 CONNECTIVITY AND SENSORS

The “phone” part of the word smartphone reminds us of the key

feature of our devices, the ability to communicate. Smartphones
come with several different communication and connectivity
options including 3G, 4G LTE, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth and NFC. All
these protocols need hardware support including modems and
other auxiliary chips.
 MODEMS

All the major SoC makers include 4G LTE modem

inside their chips.

You will also find chips for Bluetooth, NFC and Wi-
Fi.
 MISC

There are a selection of other components in your phone which are worth mentioning.

Don’t forget the GPS circuitry, which is used to pinpoint the location of your device and

is essential if you are using any kind of navigation software or services. Then there is the

vibration motor, a tiny little unit that allows your phone of “buzz” when you need things to

be a bit quieter.

Another chip that you will find inside your smartphone is a PMIC, a Power Management

Integrated Circuit. It is responsible for doing various power related things like DC to DC
eendoee

ENDON
ENDONS INNARDS

-MODULE RETENTION
-MECHANICAL
STRENGTH
-DATA SWITCHING AND
ROUTING
-RF SWITCHING AND
ROUTING
-POWER MANAGEMENT
AND DISTRIBTION
 MODULE ATTACH USING ELECROPERMANENT
MAGNET
-ELECTROPERMANENT MAGNETS
ARE USED TO HOLD THE MODULES

--HAVE BEST FEATURES OF BOTH

PERMANENT AND ELECTRO MAGNET

-SHORT PULSES OF CURRENT WILL

TURN THE MAGNET ON AND OFF.

BUT AFTER THAT THE MAGNETS DOES NOT USE ANY POWER TO STAY IN
THE NEW STATE.
Electrical interconnections between the
module and the endo are implemented in
Spiral 2 with spring pins. There are black
areas with the pins on the endo which
are called “interface blocks”. All electrical
connections between module and the
endo take place over those pins.
INTERFACE BLOCK
EACH INTERFACE BLOCK HAS 12 PINS.8 OF THEM ARE DEVOTED TO SERIAL CONNECTION.OTHER FOUR PINS
REMAIN THE DATA BUS (POWER AND GND PIN FOR THE DC POWER BUS,RF PIN FOR EXTERNAL ANTENNA
BUS,WAKE/DETECT PIN WHICH IS USED FOR POWER MANAGEMENT)

M-PHY IS USED FOR DATA CONNECTION BETWEEN MODULES.

DATA GOES SIMULTANEOUSLY

IN BOTH DIRECTION.RANGE

OF AVAILABLE SPEED VARIES

INSIDE AN
ENDON
SYSTEM ON A CHIP (SOC)
CAMERA
MODULE
COMPONENTS

1.Sensor

Electronically captures an image.

2.Lens:

Provide optical zoom.

SONY IMX 362 v/s SONY IMX 386

1.IMX 362 has larger aperture (varies from f/1.7-f/1.9)

2.Pixel size (1.4 micromet) and Dual Pixel focus

3.One of the highest rated camera sensors.

4.On-Sensor phase detection sensor.

BATTERY MODULE OF MODULAR PHONE

Modular battery contacts have colour-coded housings

and mechanical keys to prevent two different voltage
colour-coded housings from mating.

The battery terminals are designed to fit either positive

or negative battery posts. They're end-to-end stackable
with contacts made from various metals and they offer a
high cycle life.
 Battery contacts

Crude Connection with wires

 SOME MAJOR FUNCTIONALITIES
• They can be used as either compression
or sliding modular contacts, modular
battery contacts can also function as
connectors for many other non-battery
related applications.
• They're made with a high-performance
and temperature-rated thermoplastic
housing
• Durable blade terminals and can be
manufactured with a variety of metal
platings, such as gold-plated nickel
contacts.
• Cost of battery contacts = Rs89.75
LITHIUM ION BATTERY

1. Specific energy 100-265 W-h/kg

2. Energy density 250-396 W-h/L
3. Specific power Apprt. 250-340 W/kg
4. Charge/discharge efficiency 80-90%
5. Energy/consumer price 2 W-h/US$
6. Self-discharge rate 2% per month
7. Cycle durability 400-1200 cycles
8. Nominal cell voltage 3.6/3.85 V
NICKEL CADMIUM BATTERY

1. Specific power 150 W/kg

2. Specific energy 40-60 W-h/kg
3. Energy density 50-150 W-h/L
4. Charge/discharge efficiency 70-90%
5. Self-discharge rate 10% per month
6. Cycle durability 2000 cycles
7. Nominal cell voltage 1.2 V
NICKEL METAL HYDRIDE

1. Specific energy 60-120 Wh/kg

2. Energy density 140-300 Wh/L
3. Specific power 250-1000 W/kg
4. Charge/discharge efficiency 66-92%
5. Self-discharge rate 13.9 – 70.6% at room temp.
6. Cycle durability 180-2000 cycles
7. Nominal cell voltage 1.2 V
LITHIUM POLYMER BATTERY

1. Specific energy 100-265 W-h/kg

2. Energy density 250-730 W-h/L
3. Charge/discharge efficiency 30-60%
4. Nominal voltage 11.1 V (3.70V*3)
 HOUSE OF QUALITY

Lithium ion Nickel cadmium Nickel metal Lithium Polymer

hydride
1. Durability 5 8 6 7 7
2. Efficiency 4 7 5 5 6
3. Reliability 3 8 7 7 7
4. Size 3 8 6 7 8
5. Weight 5 7 6 5 7
6. Cost 4 8 7 7 8
7. Life 4 8 5 6 7
8. Protection 3 7 7 6 8
236 188 192 223
AUDIO MODULE
 SPEAKERS
Speakers come in all shapes and sizes on smartphones. Some are on the
back, others on the side or on the bottom edge, however front facing
speakers are generally considered the best. One thing to note is that many
phones actually only have one speaker, not two, and that some devices
have two speaker grills, but actually only one speaker!A DAC (Digital to
Analog Converter) takes digital data from your audio file and converts it into
an analog waveform which can be sent to headphones or a speaker driver.
The idea is to reproduce the analogue signal with as little added noise or
distortion as possible. Some DACs are better than others at doing this
conversion and producing cleaner analogue signals.
 BLOCK DIAGRAM

SMARTPHONE

BLUETOOTH
MODULE
 TYPES OF SPEAKERS
• AUDIO CODECS • AMPLIFIER TYPES
• H.264/MPEG-4 AVC • CLASS A AMPLIFIER
• FLAC • CLASS B AMPLIFIER
• MSU Lossless Video Codec • CLASS C AMPLIFIER
• Vorbis • CLASS AB AMPLIFIER
• AV1 • CLASS D AMPLIFIER
• Xvid • CLASS G AMPLIFIER
• aptX • CLASS DG AMPLIFIER
• DivX • CLASS H AMPLIFIER
AUDIO CODECS
• An audio codec is a codec (a device or computer program capable of encoding or
decoding a digital data stream) that encodes or decodes audio.[1][2][3][4]
• In software, an audio codec is a computer program implementing an algorithm
that compresses and decompresses digital audio data according to a given audio
file or streaming media audio coding format. The objective of the algorithm is to
represent the high-fidelity audio signal with minimum number of bits while
retaining quality. This can effectively reduce the storage space and the
bandwidth required for transmission of the stored audio file. Most codecs are
implemented as libraries which interface to one or more multimedia players.
• In hardware, audio codec refers to a single device that encodes analog audio as
digital signals and decodes digital back into analog. In other words, it contains
both an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) and digital-to-analog converter (DAC)
running off the same clock signal.
AUDIO AMPLIFIERS
• CLASS A AMPLIFIER- Pros: Very accurate sound reproduction,Cons: Energy hog, runs hot,
inefficient
• CLASS B AMPLIFIER-Pros: More efficient operation than Class A,Cons: Reduced sound quality,
higher distortion
• CLASS AB AMPLIFIER-Pros: More efficient operation than Class A, potential for high sound
quality,Cons: Stereo purists will still want Class A amplification
• CLASS G&H AMPLIFIER-Pros: Sophisticated quality meets efficiency,Cons: Difficult to pull off well
• CLASS D AMPLIFIER-Pros: Highly efficient, staple of subwoofer amp designs, recent quality
improvements,Cons: High harmonic distortion at switching frequency
APTX CODEC
“The aptX codec has been the secret weapon of the music industry, public
broadcasters and film studios for many years because of its ability to deliver CD-
like quality
“Outstanding Bluetooth® Stereo audio quality that faithfully reproduces the full
audio bandwidth
“Bluetooth® is limited by a maximum available bandwidth so it’s not always
suitable for delivering high quality audio
“Low audio coding delay that minimises latency and audio/video syncing issues
“aptX has revolutionised the Bluetooth® Stereo listening experience by
significantly reducing the bit rate without affecting audio quality or introducing
latency issues
“Backward compatibility that keeps the music flowing when aptX is unavailable
CLASS AB AMPLIFIER
• Class AB, as one might deduce, combines the best of Class A and Class
B in order to create an amplifier without the drawbacks of either.
Thanks to this combination of strengths, Class AB amplifiers largely
dominate the consumer market.where Class B utilizes a push/pull
arrangement with each half of the output stage conducting for 180
degrees, Class AB amplifiers bump that up to ~181-200 degrees. By
doing this, there is far less potential for a “gap” in the cycle to occur,
and consequently, crossover distortion is pushed down to the point
where it’s of no consequence.
• Suffice it to say, Class AB delivers on its promise, easily trumping the
efficiency of pure Class A designs with rates on the order of ~50-70%
being achieved in the real world.