Airport

Markings & Lightings

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Airport (n)
ˈerˌpôrt/
An airport is an aerodrome with facilities for commercial
aviation flights to take off and land. Airports often have
facilities to store and maintain aircraft, and a control tower. An
airport consists of a landing area, which comprises an aerially
accessible open space including at least one operationally active
surface such as a runway for a plane to take off or a helipad, and
often includes adjacent utility buildings such as control towers,
hangars and terminals.
The Layout
 Airport
Signs &

Markings.
Airport signs are used in addition to pavement markings to advise the
pilot of his position on the runway or taxiway, emphasize pavement
markings (Runway
Holding Position Marking - “Hold Short Lines”) and point the direction
to locations on the airport. The signs are standardized in shape, color
and meaning. Airport signs are positioned next to the runway, taxiway

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or ramp area. Airport markings are painted on the pavement.
Signs & Markings
Placements
 Mandatory Instruction Signs
Application : A mandatory instruction sign identifies a location
beyond which an aircraft taxiing shall not proceed unless authorized
by ATC.
Location : A runway designation sign at a taxiway/runway
intersection or a runway/runway intersection will be located on
each side of the runway-holding position marking facing into the
direction of approach to the runway
Characteristic: Mandatory instruction signs have a red
background, with white inscriptions. The inscriptions on a
runway designation sign will consist of the runway
designations of the intersecting runway properly oriented to
the
viewing direction.
Mandatory Instruction Signs Examples
 Information Signs

Application : An information sign identifies a specific location or

routing. Information signs include: direction, location, destination,
runway exit and runway vacated signs.

Location : Information signs are located on the left-hand side of the

taxiway in line with the taxiway intersection marking.

Characteristic : An information sign other than a location sign consists

of an inscription in black on a yellow background. A location sign
consists of an inscription in yellow on a black background. A runway exit
sign consists of the exit taxiway designator and an arrow indicating the
direction to follow.
Information Sign Examples
 Mandatory Information Markings

Application : Where it is impracticable to install a mandatory instruction sign a mandatory instruction

marking is provided on the surface of the pavement. Where operationally required, such as on taxiways
exceeding 60m in width, a mandatory instruction sign may be supplemented by a mandatory
instruction marking.

Location: The mandatory instruction marking is located on the left-hand side of the taxiway center line
marking on the holding side of the runway-holding position marking.

Characteristics: Mandatory instruction markings consist of an inscription in white on a red

background. Except for a NO ENTRY marking, the inscription provides information identical to that of the
associated mandatory instruction sign. A NO ENTRY marking consists of an inscription in white reading
NO ENTRY on a red background.
Mandatory Information Markings
 Runway-Holding Position Markings

Application and Location : Runway-holding position markings are

located at runway holding positions.

Characteristics : At an intersection of a taxiway and a non-precision,

non-instrument or take-off runway or where a singlerunway-holding
position is provided at an intersection of a taxiway and a precision
approach category I, II, or IIIrunway, the runway-holding position marking
will be as shown as in pattern A on the next figure.
Runway-Holding Position Markings
 Intermediate Holding Position Marking

Application and Location : An intermediate holding position marking

is displayed at an intersection of two paved taxiways. It is positioned
across the taxiway coincident with a stop bar or intermediate holding
position lights, where provided.

Characteristics : An intermediate holding position marking consists of

a single broken yellow line.
Intermediate Holding Position Marking
Runway Touchdown Zone & Aiming Point Markings
Displaced Threshold Markings
 Pre-Threshold Marking (Chevron Marking)

When the paved surface prior to the threshold exceeds 60m in length
and is not suitable for use by aircraft, the
entire length will be marked with a chevron marking (preferably
yellow) pointing in the direction of the runway
threshold.
Instrument
Landing
System.
Localizer
Localizer is equipment that
giving guidance to the plane
about the alignment azimuth
of the runway center line, or
helping the plane in order to
right into the runway
centerline.
 Glide Slope
Glide slope is equipment that giving guidance to the plane about landing
glide angle, or help the plane at the touchdown and time landing.

Marker Beacon
Marker beacon used to determine the remaining distance to the plane
landing point. When the transmission from a marker beacon is received it
activates an indicator on the pilot's instrument panel and the tone of the
beacon is audible to the pilot. There are three indicator on the pilot’s
instrument panel. The Indicator are: Outer marker, Middle marker, Inner
marker
Outer
Marker
The outer marker is normally located
7.2 kilometres (3.9 nmi; 4.5 mi) from
the threshold, except that where this
distance is not practical, the outer
marker may be located between 6.5
and 11.1 kilometres (3.5 and 6.0 nmi;
4.0 and 6.9 mi) from the threshold.
Middle Marker
The middle marker should be
located so as to indicate, in low
visibility conditions, the missed
approach point, and the point that
visual contact with the runway is
imminent, ideally at a distance of
approximately 3,500 ft (1,100 m)
from the threshold.
Inner
Marker
The inner marker, when installed,
shall be located so as to indicate in
low visibility conditions the
imminence of arrival at the runway
threshold. This is typically the
position of a plane on the ILS as it
reaches Category II minima, ideally at
a distance of approximately 1,000 ft
(300 m) from the threshold.
Runway
Visual
Range.
Runway Visual
Range
Runway visual range (RVR), in aviation
meteorology, is the distance over which a
pilot of a plane on the centreline of the
runway can see the runway surface
markings delineating the runway or
identifying its centre line. RVR is normally
expressed in feet or meters.
Airfield
Lighting
System
Runway Edge Light
Runway edge light used to
show the right/left edge of the
runway. This lamp is used to
guide a pilot on takeoff and
landing during the bad weather
or at night.
Threshold Lighting
Threshold light used to show
the pilot the end of runway. It
placed at the end of runway
with distance about 1,5
meters each lamp.
Taxiway Lighting
Taxiway lighting is blue
lamps that are placed on
the left and right edge of
the taxiway. It is used to
guide the pilot to drove the
plane from the apron to the
runway.
Runway End Indentification
Lighting
This tool consist of 2 flashing
light that are placed on the
corner of the runway. This
lamp giving a threshold sign
to the pilot.
Flood Lighting
Flood Lighting used
to illuminate the
plane parking area
Approach Lighting
Approach Lighting is a lighting
installation for landing guidance
that usually mounted
symmetrically on the runway
extension to the threshold. Which
serves as guidance to pilots about
the position, direction and distance
to the landing threshold.
Precision Approach Path Indicator
A precision approach path indicator
(PAPI) is a visual aid that provides
guidance information to help a pilot
acquire and maintain the correct
approach (in the vertical plane) to an
airport or an aerodrome. It is generally
located beside the runway
approximately 300 meters beyond the
landing threshold of the runway.
Rotating Beacon
Rotating Beacon is the light
that has two opposite lights
which can rotate (usually
green and white). Which is
indicates the airport
location.
 Turning Area Light
Turning area light is a lamp that indicates a place for plane to
turn around. Turning area light must be placed no less than 10
meters from the runway edge light.
Apron Light
Apron light is the red
lamp that are placed on
the edge of apron to
sign the edge of apron.
 Obstruction Light
Obstruction light is high-intensity lighting devices that are
attached to tall structures which possibly blocking up the flight
path. Obstruction light usually red with remain lit.
Case
Study.
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 Study Object
Depati Amir Bangka Airport (WIPK)
Beluluk village, Bangka Island, Bangka Belitung Isle
(020 09’ 45,3” S 1060 08’ 17,4” E)

Depati Amir Bangka Airport has been equipped with the standard airport safety
requirements markings & lightings such as: Runway Side Strip Marking,
Runway Designation Marking, Threshold Marking, Runway Centre Line
Marking, Aiming Point Marking, dan Touchdown Marking and also been
acquired with these lightings systems: Approach Lighting, Threshold lampu /
cahaya (lights) that consists of Approach Lighting, Threshold Lighting, Runway
End Indentification Lighting, Runway Edge Light, Precission Approach Path
Indicator
 This airport is meeting the regulation (reffering to Keputusan
Menteri Perhubungan No : KM 47 Tahun 2002 about Sertifikasi
Operasi Bandar Udara suatu Bandara), however the lack of facilities
as follows are still occurring
Alat Bantu Pendaratan Tahap I Stage I KM 47 Tahun 2002

Alat bantu pendaratan Instrument Landing

presisi - System

Marking, Rotating

Marking, Approach Lighting, Beacon, Approach Lighting

Windsock, Threshold System, Precission Approach
Alat bantu pendaratan Lighting, Runway End Path Indicator, Runway
Indentifcation Lighting, Threshold
visual
Runway Edge Light, Identifcation Light, Runway
Precission Approach Path Edge Lights, Runway
Indicator. Threshold, Runway End
Lights.
Solution&
THE

Conclusion
Therefore, those lack of facilities mentioned earlier need to
be realized by doing the airport extention for the solution,
so the safety of the aiport and flights can be improved
which leads lo less accident probability.