Chapter 34

The Laws of Electromagnetism

Maxwell’s Equations
Displacement Current
Electromagnetic Radiation
The Electromagnetic Spectrum
 The Equations of Electromagnetism
(at this point …)

q
Gauss’ Law for Electrostatics  E  dA  0
Gauss’ Law for Magnetism  B  dA  0
d
Faraday’s Law of Induction  E  dl  
dt
B

Ampere’s Law  B  dl  0 I
 The Equations of Electromagnetism

Gauss’s Laws ..monopole..

q
1
 E  dA  0

2
 B  dA  0 ?
...there’s no
magnetic monopole....!!
 The Equations of Electromagnetism

Faraday’s Law .. if you change a

d magnetic field you
3  E  dl  
dt
B
induce an electric
field.........
Ampere’s Law

4
 B  dl  0 I .......is the reverse
true..?
...lets take a look at charge flowing into a capacitor...

...when we derived Ampere’s Law B E

we assumed constant current...

 B  dl  0 I
...lets take a look at charge flowing into a capacitor...

...when we derived Ampere’s Law B E

we assumed constant current...

 B  dl  0 I
E
.. if the loop encloses one B
plate of the capacitor..there
is a problem … I = 0

Side view: (Surface

is now like a bag:)
 Maxwell solved this problem
by realizing that....

Inside the capacitor there must B E

be an induced magnetic field...

How?.
 Maxwell solved this problem
by realizing that....

Inside the capacitor there must B E

be an induced magnetic field...

How?. Inside the capacitor there is a changing E 

B A changing
x
x x x x
E
electric field
x x x x x induces a
x x
magnetic field
 Maxwell solved this problem
by realizing that....

Inside the capacitor there must B E

be an induced magnetic field...

How?. Inside the capacitor there is a changing E 

B A changing d E
x
x x x x
E
electric field  B  dl  00 dt  0 Id
x x x x x induces a where Id is called the
x x
magnetic field displacement current
 Maxwell solved this problem
by realizing that....

Inside the capacitor there must B E

be an induced magnetic field...

How?. Inside the capacitor there is a changing E 

B A changing d E
x
x x x x
E
electric field  B  dl  00 dt  0 Id
x x x x x induces a where Id is called the
x x
magnetic field displacement current

d
   
Therefore, Maxwell’s revision
of Ampere’s Law becomes.... B  dl  0 I  0 0
E
dt
 Derivation of Displacement Current
dq d( EA )
For a capacitor, q  0 EA and I  dt  0 dt .
d ( E )
Now, the electric flux is given by EA, so: I   0 dt ,
where this current , not being associated with charges, is
called the “Displacement current”, Id.
d E
Hence: I d  0  0
dt
and:  B  ds  0( I  Id )
d
  B  ds  0 I  00 E
dt
 Derivation of Displacement Current
dq d( EA )
For a capacitor, q  0 EA and I  dt  0 dt .
d ( E )
Now, the electric flux is given by EA, so: I   0 dt ,
where this current, not being associated with charges, is
called the “Displacement Current”, Id.
d E
Hence: I d  0  0
dt
and:  B  dl  0( I  Id )
d
  B  dl  0 I  00 E
dt
 Maxwell’s Equations of Electromagnetism

q
Gauss’ Law for Electrostatics
 E  dA   0
Gauss’ Law for Magnetism
 B  dA  0
d
Faraday’s Law of Induction  E  dl  
dt
B

d E
Ampere’s Law
 B  dl  0 I  00 dt
 Maxwell’s Equations of Electromagnetism
in Vacuum (no charges, no masses)
Consider these equations in a vacuum.....
......no mass, no charges. no currents.....

q
 E  dA   0  E  dA  0
 B  dA  0  B  dA  0
d B d B
 E  dl   dt  E  dl   dt
   d E d E
 B  dl  0 I  0 0
dt  B  dl  0 0 dt
Maxwell’s Equations of Electromagnetism
in Vacuum (no charges, no masses)

 E  dA  0
 B  dA  0
d B
 E  dl   dt
d E
 B  dl  0 0 dt
 Electromagnetic Waves

Faraday’s law: dB/dt electric field

Maxwell’s modification of Ampere’s law
dE/dt magnetic field

d E d B
 B  dl  00 dt  E  dl   dt
These two equations can be solved simultaneously.

E(x, t) = EP sin (kx-t) ĵ

The result is:
B(x, t) = BP sin (kx-t) ẑ
 Electromagnetic Waves

d E d B
 B  dl  0 0 dt  E  dl   dt
B 
dE E 
dB
dt
dt
 Electromagnetic Waves

d E d B
 B  dl  0 0 dt  E  dl   dt
v
B 
dE E 
dB
dt
dt

 
Special case..PLANE WAVES... E  E y ( x ,t ) j B  Bz ( x ,t )k
 2 1  2
satisfy the wave equation  2 2
x 2  t
Maxwell’s Solution   A sin(t   )
 Plane Electromagnetic Waves

Ey

Bz

c
x
E(x, t) = EP sin (kx-t) ĵ
B(x, t) = BP sin (kx-t) ẑ
F(x) 
Static wave
F(x) = FP sin (kx + )
k = 2  
k = wavenumber
x  = wavelength

F(x) 
Moving wave
F(x, t) = FP sin (kx - t )
v
 = 2  f
 = angular frequency
x
f = frequency
v=/k
 F

v Moving wave
x F(x, t) = FP sin (kx - t )

What happens at x = 0 as a function of time?

F(0, t) = FP sin (-t)

For x = 0 and t = 0  F(0, 0) = FP sin (0)

For x = 0 and t = t  F (0, t) = FP sin (0 – t) = FP sin (– t)
This is equivalent to: kx = - t  x = - (/k) t
F(x=0) at time t is the same as F[x=-(/k)t] at time 0
The wave moves to the right with speed /k
 Plane Electromagnetic Waves

Ey E(x, t) = EP sin (kx-t) ĵ

B(x, t) = BP sin (kx-t) ẑ
Bz

Notes: Waves are in Phase, c

but fields oriented at 900.
k=2. x
Speed of wave is c=/k (= f)
c  1 / 00  3 108 m / s
At all times E=cB.