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An expert system is a
computer program that
contains some of the subject-
specific knowledge of one or
more human experts.
What is an expert system?
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History of Expert Systems
Early 70s
Goal of AI scientists develop
computer programs that could in
some sense think .
In 60s general purpose programs
were developed for solving the
classes of problems but this strategy
produced no breakthroughs.
In 1970 it was realized that The
problem-solving power of program
comes from the knowledge it
possesses.
To make a program
intelligent, provide it
with lots of high-quality,
specific knowledge
about some problem
area.
Problem Domain vs. Knowledge
Domain
An expert’s knowledge is specific to one problem
domain – medicine, finance, science,
engineering, etc.
The expert’s knowledge about solving specific
problems is called the knowledge domain.
The problem domain is always a superset of the
knowledge domain.
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Figure 1.3 Problem and Knowledge
Domain Relationship
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Expert System Architechture
Expert System
Fig above shows the most important modules that make up a rule-based
expert system.
A Knowledge Base: repository of special heuristics or rules that direct the use
of knowledge, facts (productions). It contains the knowledge necessary for
understanding, formulating, & problem solving.
The user interacts with the system through a user interface which may use
menus, natural language or any other style of interaction).
An Inference Engine is the deduction system used to infer results from user
input & KB. It is the brain of the ES, the control structure(rule interpreter). It
provides methodology for reasoning. It is used to reason with both the expert
knowledge (extracted from our friendly expert) and data specific to the
particular problem being solved. The expert knowledge will typically be in the
form of a set of IF-THEN rules.
The case specific data includes both data provided by the user and partial
conclusions (along with certainty measures) based on this data. In a simple
forward chaining rule-based system the case specific data will be the
elements in working memory.
Expert System
Almost all expert systems also have an explanation subsystem, which allows the
program to explain its reasoning to the user. Traces responsibility & explains the ES
behaviour by interactively answering question: Why?, How?, What?, Where?, When?,
Who?
Some systems also have a knowledge base editor which help the expert or knowledge
engineer to easily update and check the knowledge base.
One important feature of expert systems is the way they (usually) separate domain
specific knowledge from more general purpose reasoning and representation
techniques. The general purpose bit (in the dotted box in the figure) is referred to as
an expert system shell. As we see in the figure, the shell will provide the inference
engine (and knowledge representation scheme), a user interface, an explanation
system and sometimes a knowledge base editor. Given a new kind of problem to solve
(say, car design), we can usually find a shell that provides the right sort of support for
that problem, so all we need to do is provide the expert knowledge. There are
numerous commercial expert system shells, each one appropriate for a slightly
different range of problems. (Expert systems work in industry includes both writing
expert system shells and writing expert systems using shells.) Using shells to write
expert systems generally greatly reduces the cost and time of development (compared
with writing the expert system from scratch).
Building Blocks of Expert
System
Knowledge base (facts)
User Interface
The Role of AI
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Example Rules
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Figure 1.6 Structure of a
Rule-Based Expert System
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Representing the Knowledge
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Inference Engine Cycle
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User Interface
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User Interface
Fuzzy Logic
Who is involved?
?
Participants in Expert Systems
Development & Use (Figure 11.11)
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Benefits of Expert System
Availability − They are easily available due to mass
production of software.
Less Production Cost − Production cost is reasonable.
This makes them affordable.
Speed − They offer great speed. They reduce the amount
of work an individual puts in.
Less Error Rate − Error rate is low as compared to human
errors.
Reducing Risk − They can work in the environment
dangerous to humans.
Steady response − They work steadily without getting
motional, tensed or fatigued.
Problems and Limitations of
Expert Systems
Knowledge is not always readily available
Expertise can be hard to extract from humans
Each expert’s approach may be different, yet
correct
Hard, even for a highly skilled expert, to work
under time pressure
Expert system users have natural cognitive
limits
ES work well only in a narrow domain of
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knowledge
Most experts have no independent means to
validate their conclusions
Experts’ vocabulary often limited and highly
technical
Knowledge engineers are rare and expensive
Lack of trust by end-users
Knowledge transfer subject to a host of
perceptual and judgmental biases
ES may not be able to arrive at valid
conclusions
ES sometimes produce incorrect
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recommendations
Some Prominent Expert Systems
DENDRAL: This Expert system was capable of determining the
structure of chemical compounds
1. Perishable 1. Permanent
2. Difficult to transfer 2. Easy to transfer
3. Difficult to document 3. Easy to document
4. Unpredictable 4. Consistent
5. Expensive 5. Affordable
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