Noun/Pronoun

Is a word, phrase or clause that names person, place, thing,

idea.

It’s connected to the shape and number of noun, plural or

singular form (Book, Fish, Police, Jury, Furniture) – countable
or uncountable (Sugar, Time, Ice, etc.)

Be careful of a prepositional phrase in determining singular or

plural ( one of, either of, much of, etc.)-singular (both of, several
of)-plural. (some of, all of, most of, a lot of, ) – depend on noun
form. * A lot of work was too easy
* A lot of the people were angry

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 Verb
Is a word, phrase or clause that expresses
an action or occupation performed by
subject/actor

Verb forms are connected to the times of action (tenses)

which revealed root, Past, Past participle and Present
participle. Be careful of regular and irregular verb form in
English!
•Rudi is in his room completing his assignment.
• I am surprised of his coming

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 ADJECTIVE

An adjective is a word which describes a noun or pronoun either

by pointing out one of its qualities or by limiting its reference.
Two main types :
Descriptive adjectives
An expensive commodity (what kind of commodity?
Expensive commodity)
A silly argument (what kind of argument? Silly argument)
Limiting adjectives (also known as determiners)
This person (which person? This person)
Two handles (how many handles? Two handles)
The first argument (which argument? The first argument)

Be careful of verbs that need adj. for their complement:

•He considered that all effort done as useless (considered as)
• The invention of rockets has made moon-landing possible (make
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 ADVERB

An adverb is a word that may be used to give more

information about: a verb ( e.g. runs quickly), an
adjective (e.g. very interesting), another adverb (e.g.
very beautifully), a conjunction (e.g. only because), a
preposition (e.g. only after), an entire sentence (e.g.
Surprisingly, she recovered.)

Most adverb are formed from adjectives + ly e.g. badly,

slowly, truly, happily, etc

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 Sentence has a subject and a verb
(A sentence in English must have at least one subject and one verb)
Therefore, we should be able to do following:
1. Be sure the sentence has a subject and a verb
2. Be careful of objects of preposition and appositives
3. Be careful of present and past participles when you’re looking for the verb
 : ……….was backed up for miles on the freeway
(Yesterday; In the morning; Traffic; Cars)
 Engineers………..for work on the new space programs
(necessary; are needed; hopefully; next month)
 The boy……….going to the movies with a friend
(he is; he always was; is relaxing; will be)

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Be Careful of objects of Preposition –
If a word is an object of a preposition, it is not the subject.

(An object of a preposition is a noun or pronoun that comes

after a preposition, such as in, at, of, to, by, behind, on, and
so on, to form a prepositional phrase)

(After his exams) Doni will take a trip (by boat)

* With his friend……..found the movie theater
(has; he; later; when)

* The interviews by radio broadcasters………live by the station

(carrying; were carried; is; finally)

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Be Careful of Appositives – it is not the subject
generally set off from the noun with commas. Can
be mistaken for the subject of a sentence because
it has the same meaning

Mirnawati, the best student in the class, got an A on the exam.

The underlined word can be recognized as an appositives because of
the noun student and commas.

* ………., George, is attending the lecture.

(Right now; happily; Because of the time; My friend)

* The only entrance to the building, ……… was kept locked at all times.
(at last; the door; orderly; it)

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Present Participles (-ing form) – it can be
either a part of the verb or an adjective .

1. Part of the verb when it is accompanied by “be”

(The boy is standing in the corner)
2. As an Adjective when it is not accompanied by “be”
(The boy standing in the corner was naughty)

* The child ………playing in the yard is my son.

(now; is; he; was)

* The companies offering the lowest price will have the most
customers. (the underlined is adjective)

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Past Participles (verb that appears with
have or be-third form) – it can be either a
part of the verb or an adjective .

* The family has purchased a television (verb)

* The television purchased yesterday was expensive (Adj.)

-The poem was written by Paul (Verb)

- The poem written by Paul appeared in the magazine (adj.)

The packages……..mailed at the post office will arrive today

(have; were; them; just)

* The car listed in the advertisement had already stalled.

(the underlined is adjective) 9
 Right or Wrong?
• Jupiter has four moons were first seen by Galileo
• Jupiter’s four moons were first seen by Galileo
• The CD ROM attaching to the book is very useful
• The CD ROM attached to the book is very useful
• This machine costs a lot but is enormously help
• This machine costs a lot but is enormously helpful
• If disturbed , bees can sting a person
(severely/severity)

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 Adjective in role
• It proved useful or It proved use (taste, sound, smell,
feel)
• Make something + Adjective
The invention of rockets has made moon-landing
(possible/possibly)

Please keep this Room clean/cleanly!

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