KULIAH 8

GIARDIA LAMBLIA, TRICHOMONAS

VAGINALIS, BALANTIDIUM COLI,
NAEGLERIA FOWLERI

Departemen Parasitologi
Fakultas Kedokteran
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Recommended
references
Roberts LS & Janovy Jr J (eds). Gerald D.
Schmidt & Larry S. Roberts’
Foundations of Parasitology, 7th edition,
Higher Education
CDC (Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention)
Giardia duodenalis
Classification
 Domain: Eukarya
 Phylum: Metamonada
 Class: Diplomonadida
 Family: Hexamitidae
 Genus: Giardia
 Binomial name: Giardia lamblia
 Synonims: Giardia lamblia, Giardia
intestinalis
Epidemiology
 G duodenalis was first discovered in
1681 by Leeuwenhoek
 Cosmopolitan, particularly in warm
climates
 Children are especially susceptible
 Most common flagellate in human
digestive tract
 Common travellers’ disease
Morphology
Morphology
 Flagellated protozoa
 Consists of cyst and
trophozoite forms
 Trophozoite has the average
length of about 15µm
 Distinct "tear-drop" shape
 Binucleated, two suckers in
the concave anterior part,
two parabasal bodies, two
axostyle, and 4 pairs of
flagellas
Morphology
 Cyst has the average sie
of 8-13µm
 Ovoid shape
 Immature cyst contains 2
nuclei, and the mature 4
nuclei, and remnants of
the axostyle
 Thick and transparent
wall
Life cycle
 Parasites live in human
small intestines with
adhesive disc fitting
over the surface of
epithelial cells
 Protozoa can swim
rapidly using their
flagella
 Cyst are taken in orally,
usually via
contaminated drinking
water
 The trophozoites may
divide by binary fission
 Trophozoites can
encyst and pass out
with the feces
Trichomonas
vaginalis
Classification
 Domain: Eukarya
 Phylum: Metamonada
 Class: Parabasalia
 Order: Trichmonadida
 Genus: Trichomonas
 Binomial name: Trichomonas vaginalis
Trichomonads
 Trichomonas vaginalis
Live in female and male’s urogenital tracts
 Trichomonas tenax
Only found in mouth and teeth
Cannot survive passage through the digestive
tract
Transmission through kissing and common use
of eating/drinking utensils
 Pentatrichomonas hominis
Harmless commensal of intestinal tract
Morphology
 Flagellated protozoa
 Structures are rather similar to
one another
 Requires no cystic stage
 Trophozoite is pyriform-shaped
and single nucleated
 Has 4 anterior flagella, cytostome,
axostyle, undulating membrane,
and 1 posterior flagellum
 T vaginalis is somewhat larger
than other species: 7-32µm x 5-
12µm
Life cycle

 Transexually infection
 Occasionally occurs
via indirect
transmission, i.e.
through contaminated
fabrices
Metabolism
 Aerotolerant anaerobs
 Degrading carbohydrate incompletely to
short-chain acids (acetate and lactate)
and CO2, regardless the present of O2.
 Produce molecular H2O in the absence
of O2 in hydrogenosomes (analogous to
mitochondria)
 Absence of DNA and cardiolipin.
Epidemiology
 Transmission occurs through sexual
activity and or contaminated fabrices.
 Estimated 160 million cases worldwide
annually (WHO).
 Asymptomatic cases also contribute to
the increasing number of infection.
Balantidium coli
Classification
 Domain: Eukarya
 Phylum: Ciliophora
 Class: Litostomatea
 Order: Festibuliferida
 Family: Balantidiidae
 Genus: Balantidium
 Binomial name: Balantidium coli
Epidemiology
 Cosmopolitan
 Parasite live in the large intestines of
humans, pigs, guinea pigs, rats, and
many other mammals.
 Not rapidly transmissible from one
species of host to another; it needs time
to adjust to the new host.
 Once it has adapted, it can become a
serious pathogen, particularly in humans.
Morphology
 Ciliated protozoa
 Requires trophozoite and
cyst forms
 Trophozoite is oblong
shaped, 30-150µm x 25-
120µm
 Two nuclei: sausage-
shaped macronucleus and
spherical micronucleus
 Peristome leads to
cytostome (cell’s mouth)
 Contractile vacuoles
Morphology
 Cyst is spherical
shaped, 40-70µm in
diameter
 Ciliae still exist inside
the wall
 Contains
macronucleus,
micronucleus, and
vacuoles
Life cycle

 Direct life cycle

 Oro-fecal transmission
 Balantidiasis is often
occurs in swine, and
rare in human
 Swine is considered
as a potential reservoir
host for human
Naegleria fowleri
Naegleria fowleri

 Pathogenic free-living amoeba

 An amœboflagellate & human
pathogen
 Causes Primary Amebic
Meningoencephalitis (PAM)
 Thermophilic, tolerating temp of
40º - 45ºC

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Life Cycle

Consists of 3 stages in life cycle:

 Cyst
 Trophozoite
 Flagellate (temporary form)

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  Infective stage:
trophozoites
 Route of transmission:
inhalation
 Diagnostic stage:
trophozoites in CSF and
tissue, and flagellated
forms in CSF

Hemma Yulfi 26
Life Cycle
 Cyst form is not seen in clinical specimens.
It is low resistant to desiccation.
 Trophozoite is the only stage found in
human. Multiply rapidly in favorable
condition.
 Flagellate is temporary, allows spread of
organisms to fresh pools when it rains.
Changes back to amoeboid stage after few
hours.

Hemma Yulfi 27
Morphology
Trophozoite

 Rapidly motile & moves

with broad, large lobopodia
 Size 10-20 μm
 Uninucleate with large
karyosome surrounded by
a halo
 Contractile vacuole present
 The only stage found in
human
 Multiply rapidly in
favorable condition

Hemma Yulfi 28
Trophozoites of
N. fowleri

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Morphology
Cyst

 Round, smooth thin double wall, size

10μm
 Single nucleus, no glycogen or
chromatoid bodies
 Low resistance to desiccation
 Not seen in clinical specimen

Hemma Yulfi 30
Morphology
Flagellate stage

 Temporary stage when put into

distilled water
 Allows spread of organisms to fresh
pools when it rains
 Changes back to amoeboid stage
after few hours

Hemma Yulfi 31
Naegleria fowleri
Sources

 Soil
 Sewage sludge
 Nasal & throat swabs
 Water:
fresh and brackish
tap water, lakes, stream, ponds
swimming pools, hydrothermal pools, thermal
springs, cooling tower, thermally polluted
water, sewage wastes

Hemma Yulfi 32
Thank you