Pre-treatment

Paint School
1
 Performance of a paint system

Good pre-treatment of the substrate

is a requirement to obtain

good performance of the paint system

Paint School
2
 Maintenance
General surface treatment routine

• Plan the job thoroughly

• Remove grease, oil, salt, fouling
• Remove old, loose paint and
thick layers of rust
• Pre-treatment
• Remove dust (vacuum-cleaning)
• Apply paint

Paint School
3
 New buildings - New constructions
General surface treatment routine

• Plan the job thoroughly

• Steel work (sharp edges, rough welds etc.)
• Remove grease, oil and welding smoke
• Pre-treatment
• Remove dust (vacuum-cleaning)
• Painting

Paint School
4
 Work to be carried out
in the cleaning shop

Remove prior to pre-treatment:

• Salt and soil: Clean water

• Oil - grease: Solvent with emulsifying agent

or alkaline cleaner

Paint School
5
 Cleaning procedure

• The surface shall be dry before application of cleaners

• Apply the cleaner from below and upwards
• Work systematically on all surfaces
• Let the cleaner react, normally 1-5 minutes
• Wash off from below and upwards
• Final rinse from above and down

Degreasing by wiping the surface with

solvents and rags is not recommended.
Leads to spreading of a thin film of oil over a wider area
and increases risk of fire / explosion

Paint School
6
 Cleaning procedure

• Apply the cleaner from

below and upwards
• Work systematically on all
surfaces
• Let the cleaner react,
normally 1-5 minutes
• Wash off from below and
upwards
• Final rinse from above and
down Pre-treatment / cleaning_container1

Paint School
7
 Degreasing side bottom with emulsifying
detergent to remove oil, grease etc.
• Should always be carried out before blast-cleaning
• The detergents must be removed by ”Low pressure
water cleaning, LPWC” (Around 250 - 300 bar)

CD 4932 no. 23

Paint School
8
 Hosing down the side bottom after
blasting and applying a holding primer

• Hosing used to remove

loose dust and to remove
water soluble salts
• Ensure that fresh water is
used
• Some times necessary to
use “Low pressure water
cleaning, LPWC” to CD 4932 no. 24
remove grit adhering to
the holding primer

Paint School
9
 The water quality can be
influenced by several factors

• Source:
- Drinking water
- Lake or river
- De-salination plants
• Addition of inhibitors
• Re-circulation
• Cleaning, filtering
• Certificates or analysis

Paint School
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 Water quality:
Potential sources and risks

Potential sources Potential paint failures

Salts
Osmotic
Contaminations blistering

Particles “Dust” after drying

Loss of adhesion

Paint School
11
 The concentration of contamination
will increase when water evaporates

• Water evaporates
• Contamination remain
on the surface
• The concentration will
become higher than
measured at the source
• Particularly a problem
on horizontal surfaces
Pre-treatment: Wj_waterquality1

Paint School
12
 Osmotic blistering

Osmotic blistering occurs when paint

has been applied on a surface contaminated
with water soluble salts

Movie: Paint technology \ Osmosis1

Paint School
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 The mechanism behind
Osmotic blistering
• Fresh water will try to dilute the salt water
• Migration through a semi-permeable membrane
• The pressure will increase

Fresh water and salt

water separated by a
membrane

Steel structure
contaminated with salt.
Paint applied without
proper cleaning

Paint School
14
 Different types of salt have different
affinity to water / humidity
• Laboratory test.
• Different types of salt are applied to the steel plates
• Several month of exposure
• At similar levels: Chlorides more severe than Sulphates

CD 4932 no. 99

Sodium Iron No
Chloride Sulphate salt
Paint School
15
 Equipment contaminating the surface
Oil contamination from grinder
Must be removed prior
Reasons may be:
to surface preparation
• Oil leaking out of
equipment
• Equipment has been
stored with oil
• Lack of oil trap.
(Air from compressor
contains oil) CD 4932 no. 22

Paint School
16
 Flaking of Tar Epoxy

• Tar Epoxy system

• Flaking down to shop
primer
• Flaking due to poor
pre -treatment
• Remains of oil found
CD 4934 no. 57
underneath the paint

Paint School
17
 Welding smoke and other contaminants
have not been removed prior to application
• Small steel units welded on to a deck construction
• Welding seams has been wire brushed
• Welding smoke will result in osmotic blistering

CD 4934 no. 99

Paint School
18
 Insufficient pre-treatment of welds and
removal of welding smoke
• Welding of new parts on areas already painted
• Weld smoke will result in osmotic blistering
• Better planning of the work is required

CD 4934 no. 100

Paint School
19
 Welding smoke is water soluble
and can only be removed by water
Area washed
Welding smoke with water

• Solvents will not

remove the welding
smoke completely
• If not removed,
osmotic blistering
may occur. CD 0589 no. 11

Paint School
20
 Blisters close to weld, probably due to
welding smoke remaining on the the steel
• Welding smoke is resoluble in water and will
create osmotic blistering
• Galvanic difference between steel plate and weld
may aggravate the attack

CD 4934 no. 79

Paint School
21
 Pre-treatment.
Recommended equipment
• Portable blast-cleaning unit
• Vacuum blasting equipment
• Air-powered grinding equipment
(Available with and without vacuum unit)
• Air-powered wire-brush
• Needle gun
(Available with and without vacuum unit)
• Air-powered chisel
• Scraper with interchangeable hard metal shears

Paint School
22
 Pre-treatment
Evaluation of methods
Blast cleaning Ideal
Power grinding Not as good as blast cleaning, but
best alternative.
Power wire-brushing Great risk of unwanted polishing.
Manual wire- brushing. Not recommended. Very poor.
Needle hammer Usable, but risk of unwanted rough
surface,
Good in combination with other
Power chiseling
methods
Usable in combination with other
Manual scraping methods.

Paint School
23
 Reciprocating impact tools

• Needle scalers or guns

• Chipping guns (chisels)

• Scabblers.
– Small hand-held and “walk-behind” models.
– To break up heavy rust, mill scale and coatings.
Example: Rustibus

Paint School
24
 Equipment.
Hand and power tool cleaning
• Mechanical rotating wire brush
• Needle gun
• Hand Wire brush

CD 4932 no. 39

Paint School
25
 Power tool equipment.
A Needle gun consists of several needles
• Mostly used on areas difficult to access
• Gives a rough steel profile
• May be necessary to combine with other tools
to achieve a certain standard

CD 4932 no. 44

Paint School
26
 Needle gun is used on a support,
giving a rough steel profile
• The surface tolerant Mastic paints are
recommended for such substrates
• May be necessary to combine with other
tools to achieve a certain standard

CD 4932 no. 45

Paint School
27
 Rotary impact or scarifying tools

Equipment with rotating abrasive head

• Peening flaps (Roto-Peen)

- Creates a surface profile, 25 to 75 microns
• Rotary hammers - cutters
• Nylon non-woven abrasive wheels

Rotary impact tools is the

best choice for removing coatings

Paint School
28
 Hand held rotary impact tool
Roto - Peen
• Rotating abrasive head: Peening flaps (Roto-Peen)
• Creates a surface profile, 25 to 75 microns
• What about deep pits ?

Paint School
29
 Grinders and sanders

• Coated abrasive discs

- To remove paint, mill scale and rust
• Non-woven abrasive discs
- To remove paint and rust and for feathering of paint
• Wire brushes
- To remove loose rust (tends to polish surface)

Paint School
30
 Example on a disc:
Non-woven type
• Particularly used on
surfaces which can not be
blast-cleaned
• Excellent for feathering of
paint edges
• Will not polish the surface
as a mechanical wire brush
• Surface tolerant Mastic CD 4932 no. 50
paints are recommended on
such substrates

Paint School
31
 The tool can be used as grinder and sander,
depending on the disc. Here: Disc-sander

• Particularly used on
surfaces which can not
be blast-cleaned
• May be difficult to reach
narrow spaces and
inside corners
• Surface tolerant Mastic
paints are recommended CD 4932 no. 49
on such substrates

Paint School
32
 Pre-treatment of a tank.
Disc sanding of substrate
• Part of a tank
• Nice St 2 standard, almost St 3

CD 0589 no. 99

Paint School
33
 Manual and rotating wire brushes

• St 2 and St 3 can be achieved

• Manual wire brushing is
heavy work
• Rotating wire brushes speed
up the production rate
• Risk of having a polished
surface
• A polished substrate will
give poor adhesion to the
paint system
Pre-treatment: Wirebrush1

Paint School
34
 Wire brushing by hand to achieve given
standards according to ISO 8501
• Production rate is slow: High cost
• The quality is not as good as blast-cleaning or disc grinding
• The surface tolerant Mastic paints are recommended on wire
brushed surfaces

CD 4932 no. 40

Paint School
35
 Steel substrate treated by hand and
mechanical power tool cleaning equipment

Mechanical wire brush Hand wire brush,

approximately St 3 approximately St 2

CD 4932 no. 47

Paint School
36
 Hand wire brushed surfaces
Surfaces treated approximately to the
given standards according to ISO 8501

St 2 St 3

CD 4932 no. 41 CD 4932 no. 42

Paint School
37
 Power tools.
Mechanical rotating wire brush
• Gives a faster production rate than the hand
operated wire brush
• Disadvantage: May give a polished surface if
used too extensively

CD 4932 no. 46

Paint School
38
 Surface treated by Mechanical rotating
wire brush to the approx. standard St.3
• Observe the polished surface
• A polished surface will give a reduced
adhesion for the paint system

CD 4932 no. 48

Paint School
39
 Power tool cleaned tank.
Rotating wire brush
• The standard achieved is approximately St 2
• Some polishing effect has occurred

CD 4932 no. 51

Paint School
40
 Mechanical cleaning may
give unfavourable surfaces

Needle-hammer makes a rough

surface and deep indentations

Rotating wire brushes and disc-sanders

may give a polished surface

Paint School
41
 Pre-treatment
Illustration of various blasting methods

Paint School
42
 Dry blasting
Benefits and limitations
Advantages Disadvantages

• Surface remains dry • Does not remove salt

• Good anchor pattern • Does not remove oil
for paint • Creates dust
• No pre-rusting profile

Paint School
43
 Introduction to blast-cleaning

• Gives a good surface

profile
• Several blasting standards
can be achieved
• Does not remove salts
from the substrate

Pre-treatment: Blast-cleaning1

Paint School
44
 Blast-cleaning of a plate
taking place in a tent

• The plate was partly rusty

and partly covered by old
paint
• Blast-cleaned to Sa 2½
• Steel will turn black
rapidly if the abrasives
contain humidity
CD 4932 no. 59

Paint School
45
 Blast cleaning nozzle with light
• Handle to turn on and off the abrasive jet
• Light is mounted to improve the working
conditions for the blast cleaner

CD 4932 no. 55

Paint School
46
 Surface preparation
Metallic or non-metallic abrasives.

Blast cleaning with Metallic or

Non-metallic abrasives to specified:

• Cleanliness acc. to ISO 8501 - 1 or 2

• Roughness acc. to ISO 8503

Paint School
47
 Abrasives
There are two main groups
1. Metallic abrasives
• Chilled iron grit (angular)
• High-carbon cast steel grit and shot (angular or round)
• Low-cast cast steel snot (round)
• Cut steel wire (cylindrical)

2. Mineral and slag abrasives

• Natural abrasives: Garnet, Olivine, Staurolite
• Slags: Copper refinery Nickel refinery
Coal furnace Fused aluminium oxide
Iron furnace
Paint School
48
 Metallic / mineral abrasives
Re-use
Metallic abrasives and Carborundum
(Al.oxide) can be recycled and are usually used
more than once.
For stationary plants

Mineral and slag abrasives are generally

used only once.
For open blast-cleaning

Paint School
49
 Shape of abrasives

Three main types of abrasives

Grit (Angular)

Shot (round)

Wire cut (cylindrical)

Paint School
50
 Recommendations
regarding blast cleaning

• Loose paint and rust to be removed prior to blast-cleaning

• Use correct ratio between air and abrasive

• Always use good quality abrasive

• Correct air-pressure 7 kg/cm² (100 psi) at the nozzle

4 - 4,5 kg/cm² is a waste of time

• Remove dust and spent abrasive residue with vacuum cleaner

or eventually dry, oil-free compressed air

Paint School
51
 Blast cleaning
Factors influencing the production rate

• Productivity is directly proportional to:

Pressure at Nozzle
Capacity of the air compressor

• Pressure at Nozzle 7 kg/cm² = 100% productivity

• Pressure at Nozzle 5,6 kg/cm² = 66% productivity
• Pressure at Nozzle 4,2 kg/cm² = 50% productivity

Paint School
52
 Blast - cleaning
Measure the air pressure at the nozzle
Pressure
gauge

Nozzle Nozzleholder

Air

Rubber hose

Paint School
53
 Blast cleaning: Effect of nozzle
pressure on cleaning rate.
Nozzle pressures, Kg / cm²

Cleaning time: 2 minutes Remaining

Source: Clemtex Ltd. Removed
Paint School
54
 Blast Cleaning
Rule of thumb: To avoid loss of pressure

The blast hose shall have an

opening which is 3-4 times
bigger than the orifice of the nozzle.

Hose opening Nozzle opening

3 - 4 times

Paint School
55
 Blast cleaning
Loss of pressure
Air pressure, bar
10 7 bar : Recommended
< 4 bar : Waste of time

2
0 50 100 150 200 250
Hose length, m
Hose diameter 3/4" 1" 1 1/4" 3/4" 1" 1 1/4"

Paint School
56
 Blast cleaning: Venturi nozzles increase
the speed of the abrasives

Standard nozzle abrasive speed: 300 Km/h at 7 bar

. . .. .
. . ...... ...
.
Venturi nozzle abrasive speed: 700 km/h at 7 bar

. . ..
. . . .... . ...
. .

Paint School
57
 Blast cleaning
Impact damages may destroy overlapping zone

Corroded area. Subsequent spot blasting

Solid coating

Originally
corroded area

Impact by abrasives
Feathered required

(SOURCE: Munger, C.G. Practical aspects of Coating Repair.

Materials Performance, Vol. 19, No 2 p. 46 (1980)

Paint School
58
 Corrosion due to
recoil from blast-cleaning
• Blast-cleaning has been carried out on the opposite side.
• Recoil of grit has damaged the intact paint
• Corrosion develops after a short period of time

CD 4930 no. 87

Paint School
59
 Spot blasting might be a cause
for future paint damages
• Blast-cleaning destroys
the edges of the intact
paint film around the
damage
• This results in poor
adhesion
• Damaged paint edges
must be feathered prior
to application of the
new paint
Pre-treatment: Spotblasting1

Paint School
60
 Feathering of overlapping zones

Sharp edges should be feathered prior to painting

Before feathering After feathering

Paint

Steel Steel

Paint School
61
 Blast cleaning
Abrasives will damage the coating
Cracks due to direct
impact by abrasives 3-Coat paint

Area require
feathering
Steel
Area with Corroded and
reduced adhesion blast cleaned

Paint School
62
 Blast cleaning
Abrasives will damage the coating
Impact of abrasive Star crack areas 3-coat paint system

Areas with reduced adhesion

Steel

May be caused by direct impact

or rebounding abrasives (ricochet)

Paint School
63
 Blast cleaning
Correct and incorrect sweep blasting
Abrasives approx. 0.5 mm
Pressure approx 2-3 kg / sqcm

Star cracks

Often abrasives of
0.2 - 1.4 mm and too
high pressure is used

Paint School
64
 Spot blasted ship side.
Many small spots gives many loose
edges.
• Every loose edge have to be feathered.
• A loose edges will often result in corrosion.
• Steel suffering severe corrosion and pittings will
turn black shortly after blasting

CD 4930 no. 81

Paint School
65
 Blast-cleaning of welding seams
and damaged shop primer to Sa 2 ½
• The remaining shop primer will be accepted as
Sa 2 ½ if not anything else is specified
• Sweep blasting of remaining shop primer may be
required to have sufficient anchor pattern

CD 4932 no. 65

Paint School
66
 Corrosion has taken place
Almost the total area has been spot blasted

• Spot blasting in this way result in many loose

edges that needs to be feathered
• Recommendation: Blast - clean larger areas

Top coat

Bare steel CD 4932 no. 67

Antifouling

Paint School
67
 Only the corroded parts of the
area have been spot blasted (1 of 2)
• This kind of blasting is not recommended
• It was requested to blast larger areas to reduce
the number of loose edges. (See next photo)

CD 4932 no. 68

Paint School
68
 Originally spot blasted areas gives
pitted steel after further blasting . (2 of 2)

• Pitted steel turn black due

to salts in the pittings
• The dark spots must be
washed with water to
remove salts and then
reblasted
• Area originally covered by
intact paint show no pitting CD 4932 no. 69
and will remain grey and
keeps the standard for a
longer period of time )

Paint School
69
 Loose edges resulting from spot-
blasting carried out some time ago
• Edges has not been feathered prior to application of the paint
• The edges are weak points in the paint film
• Corrosion attack initiates on such areas

CD 4934 no. 80

Paint School
70
 Spot blasted underwater hull
• Thick old paint creates sharp edges
• Loose edges has lifted
• Blistering, flaking and corrosion has developed
shortly after maintenance

CD 4930 no. 84

Paint School
71
 Surfaces blast - cleaned
to various standards
Plate was originally partly rusty and partly painted.
Blast-cleaned approximately to the given standards
Sa 1 Sa 2 Sa 2 ½

CD 4932 no. 61

CD 4932 no. 62 CD 4932 no. 63

Paint School
72
 Handy vacuum blasting equipment
for small repairs
• Several types of nozzles
can be used. Makes it EDUCT-O-MATIC
possible to obtain all
steel profiles.
• All types of abrasives
can be used
• Possible to recycle the
abrasives
CD 4932 no. 70
• Slow production rate
• Environmentally
friendly

Paint School
73
 Vacuum blasting equipment
for large, flat areas
• High investment costs
• Heavy equipment
• Environmentally friendly
• Soft profile due to recycling of the abrasives (Steel shot)

CD 4932 no. 71

Paint School
74
 Blast cleaning
How to protect blasted areas

• Blast clean limited areas at a time

• Remove all dust and abrasive residue
• Protect with a quick drying
holding / blast primer
• Continue treating the next area

Paint School
75
 Untreated or poorly treated welds
suffering early corrosion
• Probably wire brushed without washing with fresh water
• In addition, the paint film was too thin

CD 4930 no. 79

Paint School
76
 Corrosion due to back burning

• Hot work on the back side of the painted surface

• Premature rust due to: Insufficient pre-treatment
and paint application

CD 4930 no. 73

Paint School
77
 Scaffoldings must be completely
cleaned from grit before application
Grit may blow or fall into the wet paint and give a rough
surface and, at a later stage, initiation of corrosion

CD 4932 no. 77

Paint School
78
 Scaffoldings have not been cleaned well
and grit contaminate the paint film
• The surface is not acceptable
• Weak points in the film will lead to early corrosion
• The adhesion is reduced

CD 4932 no. 78

Paint School
79
 Surface has not been well cleaned
Overpainting grit or foreign matters
• Weak point in paint film
• Entrapped air
• Less adhesion
• Corrosion will develop rapidly

CD 4932 no. 79

Paint School
80
 Poor cleaning of ballast tanks

• Abrasives remaining from blast cleaning

• 300 m Coal Tar Epoxy
• Blistering and rust penetration after 10 months of exposure

Cd 0589 nr 18

Paint School
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 Slurry and wet blasting
Benefits and limitations
Advantages Disadvantages

• Surface profile is • Flash rust may

achieved develop on surface
• Removes salt
• Creates no dust.

Paint School
82
 Wet Blasting
Mixture of water and sand

• No, or very limited,

formation of dust
• Flash rust may form on
the steel structure
• May be necessary to
remove remaining
abrasives by hosing down.
CD 4932 no. 26

Paint School
83
 Chloride concentration on
surfaces after pre-treatment.
Chloride cons. (mg / m2 )
140
120 Hot-rolled steel (Rust grade A)
100
80 Pitted steel (Long term exposure)
60
40
20
0
Untreated Dry Wet Wet Surf-
surface Blasting blasting blasting blasting
1.6 l/min. 7 l/min.

Paint School
84
 Water jetting

• Water-jetting is an alternative
to blast cleaning.

• Water-jetting has:
- Environmental
- Technical
- Practical
………….benefits and drawbacks

Paint School
85
 An introduction to Ultra High
Pressure Water Jetting (UHPWJ)
• High water pressures
(up to 2500 bar)
• Manual equipment:
Heavy work
• Different types of
nozzles can be included
in one rotating nozzle
unit
• Removes water soluble
salts
Pre-treatment: Wj_equipment1

Paint School
86
 Water Cleaning is classified according
to the pressure (NACE / SSPC)

Pressure, bar Classification

Below 340 LPWC
340 - 680 HPWC

680 - 1700 HPWJ

Above 1700 UHPWJ

NB - Pressure at nozzle !
Paint School
87
 Why Water-jetting ?

• The Environment is affected (to

some degree) by all types of surface
preparation.
• Water jetting has many technical and
environmental advantages, but also
some drawbacks.

Paint School
88
 UHPWJ
Major technical advantage

Removes water soluble salts

Paint School
89
 Formation of blisters as a function of salt
concentration on substrate (1 of 2)

Salt: 0 mg/ m² Salt: 60 mg/ m²

Film: 150 microns Film: 150 microns

CD-1183 no.89 CD-1183 no.90

Paint School
90
 Formation of blisters as a function of salt
concentration on substrate (2 of 2)

Salt: 100 mg/ m² Salt: 200 mg/m²

Film: 150 microns Film: 150 microns

CD-1183 no.92
CD-1183 no.91

Paint School
91
 Water-jetting
Disadvantages:

• Flash Rusting.
• Capital cost of equipment.
• No additional surface roughness.
• Equipment may be “bulky” for
narrow spaces (ballast tanks).
• Water quality and availability
• Water freeze below 0°C

Paint School
92
 Water jetting equipment suspended
in a wire connected to a reel

• Less exhausting for the

operator: Increased
production rate
• This unit is designed to
clean flat areas
• Four rotating nozzles CD 4932 no. 36

Paint School
93
 UHPWJ Rotating nozzle
with four individual nozzles
• A brush is placed at the circumference to
collect water and debris from the substrate
• Vacuum unit
• May be suspended

CD 4932 no. 38

Paint School
94
 Rotating nozzles must be
designed to fit the purpose
Rotating nozzle
Here : 6 nozzles
Wide water beam:
For large areas

Narrow water beam:

For deep pits

NOTE !
The nozzle must be dimensioned not to exceed
the maximum available amount of water.

Paint School
95
 High Pressure Water Jetting of 2 pipes
Zinc reduces the formation of flash rust
Comparing 2 pipes
1. Zinc shop primer
2. Iron oxide shop primer

Result:
Zinc: No flash rust

Iron: Flash rust CD 4932 no. 30

Paint School
96
 How to measure the
salt level on a surface
• Water soluble salts will be
removed by water jetting
• Here: The substrate is
cleaned at a pressure of
2000 bar
• Salt level is measured by
the Bresle method
• Dissolve the salt inside the
frame of the patch
• Measure the conductivity
of the water sample Pre-treatment: Wj_saltlevel1

Paint School
97
 Calculation of salt level
on the substrate

Formula: (L2 - L1) x 6 = mg salt per m2

L2 = µS after cleaning

L1 = µS before cleaning

Water sample, ml.: 10 15 20 50

Constant in formula: 4 6 8 20

Paint School
98
 Water-jetting removes salt
An example carried out
• 17 litres of water/min at 2500 bar
• Rotating Nozzles
• Removal Rate: 10 - 15 sq.m hour
• (Grit Blasting: 10 sq.m hour)
• Water Consumption: 50 - 150 ltrs./sq.m.
• Surface temp. increase: 10-15 °C

Salt levels:
Badly corroded area after Water-jetting 10 mg/m²
Badly corroded area after Grit Blasting 70 mg/m²

Paint School
99
 Formation of flash rust is less than
expected. The steel temperature increases.

• Flash rust formation

depends on several
factors
• Some times the degree of
flash rust is less than
expected
• The water jet supplies
energy to the steel
• The temperature increases
and the evaporation of
water will be quicker
Pre-treatment: Wj_flashrust1

Paint School
100
 Rotating nozzle for UHPWJ
equipment. Up to 2500 bar
• Nozzles can be tailor made to fit the
substrate to be cleaned
• Angle and capacity of the nozzles can be varied

CD 4932 no. 35

Paint School
101
 Blast-cleaning and water jetting
represent a safety risk for the operator

• High pressures are

involved
• Never point the guns at
yourself or any other
nearby person
• Always use approved
equipment
• Unapproved equipment
may give inadequate
protection
Video: She_glove_and_booth1

Paint School
102
 UHPWJ
Compatible types of paint

• Paint type must be compatible with the

condition of the surface.
• Water jetted surfaces require surface tolerant
products due to:
- Uneven surfaces caused by corrosion
- Possibility for flash rust on the surface.
• This limits the applicable paint types
• Recommended type:
- Modified epoxy (Epoxy Mastics)
- Reason: Surface tolerant and High Build

Paint School
103
 Pre-treatment of Stainless steel

• Degreasing and washing

• Sweep blasting with non-metallic abrasive
• Abrading through other means, e.g.
mechanical tools, emery paper etc

Paint School
104
 Pre-treatment of Aluminium
• Degreasing and washing
• Sweep blasting with non-metallic abrasive
or
• Abrading through other means, e.g.
mechanical tools, emery paper etc
or
• Washing with a strong alkaline cleaner
followed by washing with clean water
or
• Wash primer (Not in combination with
Epoxy paint)
Paint School
105
 Pre-treatment of hot-dip
galvanised steel.

• T-wash
• Sweep blasting
• Etch primer, single or two - pack
• Natural weathering for at least
twelve months

Paint School
106
 Pre-treatment of hot-dip
galvanised steel. T- Wash

• Degreasing:
– Solvent or
– Mixture of water and detergent / degreaser
• T-wash
– Application by brush is preferred
• Galvanising will turn black
• Wash down with fresh water

Paint School
107
 T-wash

• Phosphoric acid 9,0

• Ethyl cellosolve 16,5
• Ethanol 16,5
• Water 57,0
• Copper carbonate 1,0

100,0

Paint School
108
 Pre-treatment of hot-dip
galvanised steel. Etch primer.
• Degreasing:
– Solvent or
– Mixture of water and detergent/degreaser
• Etch primer:
– Preferably two - pack
– Less than 10 microns to be applied
• Not in combination with epoxy paint

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 Pre-treatment of hot-dip
galvanised steel. Sweep blasting.
• Degreasing:
– Solvent or
– Mixture of water and detergent / degreaser
• Sweep blasting:
– Non-metallic abrasives, 0.5 mm
– Pressure at nozzle: 2.5 Bar
– Distance nozzle - structure: 0.5 m.
(Can be difficult on complex structures)

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 Pre-treatment of hot-dip
galvanised steel. Natural weathering.

• Minimum 1 year of weathering

• Abrasive pads
• Wash with hot water and detergent
• Rinse with fresh water

Note:
Weathering must not take place in marine environment.
Too high chloride levels.

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