ROAD AND BRIDGE

CONSRUCTION
CHAPTER 1
 What is Highway Planning?
• Planning is the basic requirements for any new
projects or expansion programme
 OBJECTIVES OF HIGHWAY
PLANNING-
• A highway should be plan according to the
volume of daily traffic flow from a particular
path.
• The highways develop must be efficient, but
at a minimum cost, especially in cases of
developing and underdeveloped countries.
• The highways should be safe.
• The planning must have a forecast for next
several years in order plan fix periods.
 What Type Of Data Is Collected And
How?
• Before developing a highway, a number of
surveys are done at various sites to collect
data. There are various types of surveys-
– Traffic survey
– Environmental
– Social data
– Road inventory
• Traffic Data- This data is beneficial for the
best utilized type of road (EW, NH, SH) to be
created on the path.
• SOCIAL DATA – While constructing a
highway, many shops and houses got affected
• Thus, a social survey is done along road side,
town villages and shops.
• The surveyors collect data about villagers and
have discussions about the project and ask for
cooperation during the years for construction.
• Environment Data- Environment is another
important factor which must be taken under
consideration before planning a highway.
• A report regarding affecting number of trees,
flora and fauna near construction sites,
pollutants increased during construction in
air and water must be prepared and submitted
to environment ministry to get the green signal
for development.
• Roads Inventory and condition surveys-
Under this survey condition of pavement and
structures (bridges and culverts) along the road
are taken.
• If the condition structures are poor, they need
to be reconstructed.
• If conditions are fair, they are widened or
repaired.
• If conditions are good they are retained.
 Engineering Surveys for Highway
locations
Before a highway alignment is finalised in
highway project, the engineering survey are to be
carried out.
The various stages of engineering surveys are:
• Map study (Provisional alignment Identification).
• Reconnaissance survey.
• Preliminary survey.
• Final location and detailed surveys
 MAP STUDY
• The probable alignment can be located on the
map from the fallowing details available on the
map.
• Avoiding valleys, ponds or lake
• Avoiding bend of river
• If road has to cross a row of hills, possibility
of crossing through mountain pass. Map study
gives a rough guidance of the routes.
 RECONNAISSANCE SURVEY:
• 1- To confirm features indicated on map.
• 2- To examine the general character of the
area in field for deciding the most feasible
routes for detailed studies.
 From Reconnaissance survey
• Valleys, ponds, lakes, marshy land, hill,
permanent structure and other obstruction.
• Value of gradient, length of gradient and radius of
curve.
• Number and type of cross drainage structures.
• High Flood Level (HFL).
• Soil Characteristics
• Geological features.
• Source of construction materials – stone quarries,
water sources
 PRELIMINARY SURVEY
Objective of preliminary survey are:
• To survey the various alternative alignments
proposed after the reconnaissance and to
collect all the necessary physical information
and detail of topography, drainage and soil.
• To compare the different proposals in view
of the requirements of the good alignment.
• To estimate quantity of earthwork materials
and other construction aspect
 METHODS OF PRELIMINARY
SURVEY
• Conventional approach-survey party : carries
out surveys using the required field
equipment, taking measurement, collecting
topographical(study of shape) and carrying out
soil survey.
• Modern rapid approach: By aerial survey
taking the required aerial photographs for
obtaining the necessary topographic and
odetails of soil.
• 3- Other studies: Drainage, Hydrological
survey, soil survey, Traffic and Material survey
 FINAL LOCATION AND
DETAILED SURVEY
• The alignment finalised at the design office
after the preliminary survey. It is to be first
located on the field by the centreline.
 LOCATION SURVEY:
• Transferring the alignment on to ground.
• This is done by transit theodolite.
• Major and minor control points are established
on the ground and centre pegs are driven,
checking the geometric design requirements.
• Centre lines tacks are driven at suitable
intervals, say 50m interval in plane and rolling
terrains and 20m in hilly terrain.
 DETAILED SURVEY
• Temporary benchmarks are fixed at intervals of
about 250 m.
• Earthwork calculations and drainage details are to
be work out from the level books.
• Cross sectional levels are taken at intervals of 50-
100min Plane terrain, 50-75min Rolling terrain,
50 min built –up area, 20 min Hill terrain.
• Details of soil survey is to be carried out.
• CBR value of the soils along the alignment may
be determined for design of pavement.
• The data during detailed survey should be
elaborate and complete for preparing detailed
plans, design and estimates of project.
 DRAWING AND REPORT
• Key map
• Index map
• Preliminary survey plans
• Detailed plan and longitudinal section
• Detailed cross section
• Land acquisition plans
• Drawings of cross drainage and other retaining
structures
• Drawings of road intersections