Ch 19

Transport in Human

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 You need to know……
The way a closed circulation system is organised

Arteries, arterioles, veins, venules and capillaries

Pulmonary & systemic circulation and portal systems

Structure of the heart & path of blood path through it

Role of muscle and valves in heart and blood vessels

Coronary arteries & veins supplying the heart muscle

Lymphatic system ABO blood groups Pulse

Composition of blood Rhesus Factor Blood pressure
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 To survive what do cells need?
Food and Oxygen

• A single celled animal like the amoeba, gets its

food and oxygen by allowing materials to move
across its cell membrane.
• In large animals most cells are not close to the
surface of the body so they would not get
supplies quick enough.
• So how does the food and oxygen get as far
down as your Big toe?
Hence they need a transport System
Circulatory System
1. Open Circulatory System
Heart pumps blood into vessels that are open
ended eg in Insects
2. Closed Circulatory System
Blood remains in a continuous system of blood
vessels, from which nutrients can diffuse eg in
Humans.
Arteries carry blood away from the heart to the
body organs, while veins carry blood from the
organs to the heart.
Arteries and veins are linked by
a network of tiny blood vessels
called capillaries.
 Advantages of a Closed Circulation
System
1. Blood can be pumped faster
Therefore nutrients can be delivered faster to
cells allowing the organism to be more active
2. Blood flow rate to different organs can be
changed
E.g. blood flow can be increased
to the leg mucles when running
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Circulatory
System

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 Double Circulation System
• Blood is first pumped by the
heart to the lungs, where it
collects oxygen while
simultaneously releasing
carbon dioxide.
• Then the oxygenated blood is
returns to the heart.
• The heart pumps this
oxygenated blood all around
the body.
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 Double Circulation System / Human
Two-Circuit Circulation
1. Pulmonary Circuit:
heart – to lungs – back to heart
2. Systemic Circuit:
heart – to tissues of the body – back to heart

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 Double Circulation System

Systemic Pulmonary
Circuit Circuit

Pumps to
Pumps to
the head,
the lungs
trunk and
and back
limbs and
to the
back to
heart
the heart
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 Advantages of a Double Circulation
System
1. Separation of oxygen rich and oxygen poor
blood
2. Blood pressure can be kept high by the heart

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 Portal systems
The Hepatic Portal System carries blood from the
intestine to the liver
A portal system is one that begins and ends in
capillaries

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 Learning check
1. How does food and oxygen get as far down as
your Big toe?
2. What is the Open Circulatory System?
3. What is the Closed Circulatory System?
4. What are 2 advantages of a Closed Circulation
System?
5. What is the Double Circulation System?
6. What are 2 advantages of a Double Circulation
System?
7. Explain what a portal system is? 14
 Main parts of Human Circulation
System

1. Heart Arteries

Arterioles
2 Blood Vessels
Veins

3. Blood Venules

Capillaries
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 Main Blood Vessels
Arteries
Carry blood away from the heart
Carry blood under high pressure
Thick elastic wall
Narrow lumen

Carry blood under low pressure Veins

Carry blood towards the heart
Have valves to prevent backflow
Thin wall
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Wide lumen
 Blood vessels under the microscope

Arteries Veins

Thin Wall
Thick Wall

Wide
lumen
Narrow
lumen
Have valves
to prevent
backflow
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 Smaller Blood vessels
Arterioles
Arterioles connect arteries and capillaries
Venules
Venules connect capillaries to the veins
Capillaries
Tiny blood vessels linking arterioles and venules
The thin wall allows easy exchange of materials
with cells

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Cross section of blood vessel
Collagen

Muscle and
Elastic fibres

Endothelium

Lumen

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 Learning check
1. What are the 3 main parts of Human
Circulation System?
2. Name 5 Blood Vessels.
3. Give 4 features of Arteries.
4. Give 5 features of Veins.
5. Name 3 Smaller Blood vessels.
6. Give a features of each.

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Pathway of blood Around Body

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 The Heart
• Is a strong double pump made of cardiac muscle,
surrounded by a special membrane sac -
pericardium to prevent friction.
• Found between the lungs, slightly to the left side
in the thoracic cavity.
• The right & left halves are divided by the septum.
• Each half consists of 2 chambers:
1. the atrium
2. the ventricle
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• Each half is separated by a valve:
1. The Tricuspid valve on the right - Prevents
backflow into right atrium when the right
ventricle contracts.
2. The Bicuspid Valve on the left - Prevents
backflow into left atrium when the left
ventricle contracts.

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 Blood supply to the heart wall
• The heart has its own blood supply from the
coronary arteries (oxygen & nutrients) which
come from the aorta &
• the coronary veins (carbon dioxide &
wastes)which empty into the vena cava.

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 Vena Cava Aorta

Pulmonary Artery

Pulmonary Vein

Left Atrium

Bicuspid Valve

Right Atrium Left Ventricle

Tricuspid Valve Cardiac muscle

Right ventricle Semi Lunar Valves Septum 27

 Blood pathway through heart
Aorta Pulmonary artery

Vena Cava Pulmonary vein

Left atrium
Right Atrium

Bicuspid valve
Tricuspid valve

Left ventricle
Right ventricle
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 Valves
Semi Lunar
valves
Prevent
backflow into
Tricuspid heart
valve
Bicuspid
Prevents
backflow into
Valve
right atrium Prevents
backflow29into
left atrium
 Learning check
1. The heart is a pump made of what muscle?
2. The heart is surrounded by a special
membrane?
3. The heart is found in what cavity?
4. The heart is divided by the?
5. Each half consists of 2 chambers called?
6. Each half is separated by valves called?
7. The heart has its own Blood supply, explain?

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 Heartbeat and its control
The heart beat consists of alternate contraction
and relaxation of the cardiac muscle
The heart beat is controlled by the pacemaker
The pacemaker / SA node is a specialised knot of
muscle embedded in the top wall of the right
atrium

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 The pacemaker / SA node
The pacemaker / SA node:
1. sends out waves of impulses (electrical signals)
2. which causes the artium to contract (atrial
systole)
3. the impulse wave reaches the AV node
(specialised knot of muscle embedded in the
bottom wall of the right atrium)
4. which coducts the waves of impulses from the
artium to the ventricles,
5. Causing them to contract (ventricular systole). 32
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1
• Heart Song

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 Pulse
A pulse is a wave of vibration that passes down
the walls of arteries when the aorta expands
following the contraction of the left ventricle.
The alternate expansion and contraction of
arteries can be felt in the wrist / neck.
Average pulse rate is
72 beats per minute

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 Blood Pressure
Blood Pressure is the force of blood pushing
against the wall of a blood vessel
Blood is forced into arteries under pressure
from the left ventricle, the region of highest
pressure
And eventually comes back to the heart in the
right atrium, the region of lowest pressure

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 Blood Pressure
Human blood pressure is taken from the artery
in the upper arm.
It is measured with an instrument that records
the pressure it takes to stop the blood flow
through this artery.

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Effect of smoking on the circulation system
1. Nicotine increases the heart rate, blood
pressure & the amount of cholestrol in the
blood. These puts a bigger workload on the
heart.
2. Carbon monoxide reduces the amount of O2
carried by the blood. This reduces energy
levels.
3. Other chemicals in tobacco, increase the
chance of clots.

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 Effect of Diet on the circulation system

High intake of fat causes a

build up of cholesterol

Cholesterol may block

arterioles and lead to stroke
or heart attack
High salt intake
Raises blood pressure
which can cause heart
attack
Clotting of artery
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Effect of Exercise on the circulation system

Exercise strengthens the heart

This improves circulation

Exercise increases our ability to transport oxygen

This gives increased energy levels
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 Learning check
1 What causes the blood to be under pressure in the
arteries ?
2 Explain the term Pulse

3 What controls the rate of heartbeat

4 Give two harmful effects of cigarette smoke on

the circulation system

5 Explain why salt can have a negative effect on the

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circulation system
 Lymphatic System

A secondary transport system consisting of one way system

of vessels that collects and returns excess tissue fluid to
blood system

Structure
1. Lymph vessels

2. Lymph Nodes

3. Lymph 44
Lymph vessels & blood
vessels

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L
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S
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 Lymphatic System Functions

1.Collect tissue fluid and return it to the blood

system

2. Fight Infection by
(a) Filtering out microorganisms in the lymph nodes

(b) Destroying microorganisms by antibody production

(c) Mature and store lymphocytes

3. Transport digested fat away from intestine47

 Learning check
1 Name the three main parts of the Lymphatic System

2 Name three substances dissolved in plasma

3 Name a blood grouping system other than the

ABO System
4 What is the function of white blood cells

5 Give two functions of the Lymphatic System

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END

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