National Polytechnic Institute of Cambodia

Electrical Machine

Chapter 2 Transformers
Section 5

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 2.4 Theory of Operation of Real Single
Phase transformer
 The Voltage Ratio across a Transformer

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 2.4 Theory of Operation of Real Single
Phase transformer
 The Magnetization Current in a Real Transformer

When an ac power source is connected to a transformer’s primary coil. current flows

in its primary circuit, even when the secondary circuit is open circuited. This current is
the current required to produce flux in a real ferromagnetic core

1. The magnetization current im , which is the current required to produce the

flux in the transformer core, and
2. The core-loss current ih+e which is the current required to make up for
hysteresis and eddy current losses in the core.

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 2.4 Theory of Operation of Real Single
Phase transformer
 The Current Ratio on a Transformer and the Dot Convention

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 2.5 The Equivalent Circuit of a Transformers
 The Exact Equivalent Circuit of a Real Transformer

To model a real transformer accurately, we need to account for the

following losses:

1. Copper losses – resistive heating in the windings: I2R.

2. Eddy current losses – resistive heating in the core: proportional to
the square of voltage applied to the transformer.
3. Hysteresis losses – energy needed to rearrange magnetic domains
in the core: nonlinear function of the voltage applied to the
transformer.
4. Leakage flux – flux that escapes from the core and flux that
passes through one winding only.

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 2.5 The Equivalent Circuit of a Transformers
 The Exact Equivalent Circuit of a Real Transformer

• Cooper losses are modeled by the resistors Rp and Rs.

• The leakage flux can be modeled by primary and secondary inductors.
• The magnetization current can be modeled by a reactance XM connected
across the primary voltage source.
• The core-loss current can be modeled by a resistance RC connected across the
primary voltage source.
• Both magnetizing and core loss currents are nonlinear; therefore, XM and RC
are just approximations.
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 2.4 The Equivalent Circuit of a Transformers
 The Exact Equivalent Circuit of a Real Transformer

(a) (b)

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 2.5 The Equivalent Circuit of a Transformers
 Approximate Equivalent Circuits of a Transformer

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 2.5 The Equivalent Circuit of a Transformers
 Approximate Equivalent Circuits of a Transformer

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 2.5 The Equivalent Circuit of a Transformers
 Determining the Values of Components in the Transformer Model
 It is possible to experimentally determine the values of the inductances and
resistances in the transformer model.
 An adequate approximation of these values can be obtained with only two
tests, the open-circuit test and the short-circuit test.

the open-circuit test

the short-circuit test

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 2.5 The Equivalent Circuit of a Transformers
 Determining the Values of Components in the Transformer Model
 The open-circuit test

There for,

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 2.5 The Equivalent Circuit of a Transformers
 Determining the Values of Components in the Transformer Model
 The short-circuit test.

There for,

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 2.5 The Equivalent Circuit of a Transformers
 Determining the Values of Components in the Transformer Model
Example 2. The equivalent circuit impedances of a 20-kVA, 8000/240V, 60-Hz
transformer are to be determined. The open-circuit test was performed on the secondary
side of the transformer (to reduce the maximum voltage to be measured) and the short-
circuit test were performed on the primary side of the transformer (to reduce the
maximum current to be measured). The following data were taken:

Find the impedances of the approximate equivalent circuit referred to the primary side,
and sketch that circuit.

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