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Energy Scenario
Energy classification
• Primary and Secondary energy
• Commercial and Non commercial
energy
• Renewable and Non-Renewable energy
Primary and Secondary Energy
Major primary and secondary sources
Source Extraction Processing Primary energy Secondary
Energy
Open Steam
Coal or deep Grading Coal
mines
purification Coke

Hydro

Nuclear Power
Mining Enrichment station Electricity

Natural gas
Gas well Treatment Natural gas

LPG
Petroleum Cracking Petrol
Oil
and refining Steam
well Diesel/fuel oils
Petrochemical
Commercial and Non-
commercial Energy
• Commercial energy is energy available
at price
– Examples are electricity, coal, lignite, oil,
and natural gas
• Non-commercial energy is energy not
available in market for a price
– Examples are firewood, cattle dung and
agricultural wastes, solar energy, animal
power, wind energy
Renewable & Non-renewable Energy
Global Energy Reserves (End 2003)

• World oil
and gas
reserves are
estimated
• Global coal reserves 9,84,453 to last 45
million tonnes years and
65 years
• 1147 billion barrels of oil respectively
• 176 trillion cubic metres of .
• Coal is
gas likely to last
a little over
200 years
Global
rld primary energy Primary Energy
consumption
Consumption
Primary energy consumption-
Some developing and developed countries

Table 1.1: Primary Energy Consumption by Fuel , 2003


In Million tonnes oil equivalent
Oil Natural Coal Nuclear Hydro Total
Country Gas Energy electric
USA 914.3 566.8 573.9 181.9 60.9 2297.8
Canada 96.4 78.7 31.0 16.8 68.6 291.4
France 94.2 39.4 12.4 99.8 14.8 260.6
Russian Federation 124.7 365.2 111.3 34.0 35.6 670.8
United Kingdom 76.8 85.7 39.1 20.1 1.3 223.2
China 275.2 29.5 799.7 9.8 64.0 1178.3
India 113.3 27.1 185.3 4.1 15.6 345.3
Japan 248.7 68.9 112.2 52.2 22.8 504.8
Malaysia 23.9 25.6 3.2 - 1.7 54.4
Pakistan 17.0 19.0 2.7 0.4 5.6 44.8
Singapore 34.1 4.8 - - - 38.9
TOTAL WORLD 3636.6 2331.9 2578.4 598.8 595.4 9741.1
Energy distribution –
developing and developed countries
Indian Energy Scenario
• Coal dominates the energy mix with 55% of total primary
energy consumption
– Indian proven recoverable coal reserves estimated at
84,396 million tonnes (End 2003)

• Oil accounts for 33% of energy consumption
– Oil reserves estimated at 5.4 billion barrels
– India average production in 2002 was 793,000 barrels per
day
– 70% of petroleum product demand met by imports

• Natural gas accounts for 8% of energy consumption


– Indian gas reserves estimated at 660 billion cubic meters
– Demand of 97 million cubic metres against availability of 67
Electrical power supply in India

• Installed capacity of 1,12,581 MW


as on 31st May 2004
– 28,860 MW - hydro,
– 77,931 MW - thermal
– 2,720 MW - nuclear and
– 1,869 MW - wind (Ministry of Power).

Nuclear provides 2.4% of electricity generated


Hydro contribution 25% as on 31st March 2004
Final Energy Consumption (User End)

Table 1.2 DEMAND FOR COMMERCIAL ENERGY FOR FINAL CONSUMPTION (BAU SCENARIO)
Source Units 1994-95 2001-02 2006-07 2011-12
Electricity Billion Units 289.36 480.08 712.67 1067.88
Coal Million Tonnes 76.67 109.01 134.99 173.47
Lignite Million Tonnes 4.85 11.69 16.02 19.70
Natural Gas Million Cubic Meters 9880 15730 18291 20853
Oil Products Million Tonnes 63.55 99.89 139.95 196.47
Source: Planning Commission BAU:_Business As Usual
Sectorwise Energy Consumption

Figure 1.5 Sector wise energy consumption (1999-2000)


Energy Needs of Growing
Economy
PLANWISE OUTLAY

Expenditure Towards Energy Sector


India’s Energy Needs
• Energy intensity is energy consumption per
unit of GDP
• 6% increase in GDP would contribute to 9%
increase in energy demand
• High energy intensity also points to energy
wastages in economy which can be minimised
through efficient use of energy
• India’s energy intensity is 3.7 times of Japan,
1.55 times of USA, 1.47 times of Asia and 1.5
times the world average
• Ratio for developed countries < 1
imary energy consumption
Percapita Energyper capita
consumption
Long Term Energy Scenario-India
India’s Oil Demand
India’s Electricity Demand
• Peak demand shortage of 14% and energy deficit of 8.4%
• To maintain GDP growth rate at 8% to 10%, target of
215,804 MW of power generation set by GOI

Table 1.3 India’s Perspective Plan For Power For Zero Deficit Power By 2011/12
(Source Tenth And Eleventh Five-Year Plan Projections)
Thermal Gas / LNG / Nuclear Hydro
Total(MW)
(Coal) (MW) Diesel (MW) (MW) (MW)
Installed capacity as on Gas: 10,153
61,157 2720 25,116 100,010
March 2001 Diesel: 864
Additional capacity
53,333 20,408 9380 32,673 115,794
(2001-2012)
Total capacity as on 114,490 31,425 12,100 57,789
215,804
March 2012 (53.0%) (14.6%) (5.6%) (26.8%)
Energy Pricing in India
• Pricing influenced by economic, social and political compulsions
• Oil Pricing Cross-subsidies: Diesel, LPG and
Kerosene subsidized by Petrol . Attempt to bring
petroleum products in line with international.
• Coal Pricing Grade wise price of coal at pit head
are decided by Coal India Ltd periodically. Industries
still prefer import because of high calorific value and
lower ash content in imported coal

•Electricity pricing Tariff varies with time of


usage, voltage supply,consumer segments and
also from State to State .Agricultural and domestic
users subsidized by Industrial and commercial users
Energy Sector Reforms
• Coal now being allowed to import to meet domestic needs
• Private sector now allowed to extract and market coal
• Oil and Natural gas :Private sector allowed to import and
market LPG freely
• New Exploration and Licensing Policy (NLEP) to promote
exploration and production of domestic oil and gas
• Refining sector opened to private and foreign investors
• Attractive terms to investors towards construction of LNG
import terminals
• Power Sector Reforms : Plans to link SEB’s
• Private investment for power allowed
• Advice to states to separate generation, transmission and
distribution with separate corporations
• Electricity Act, 2003 enacted which distances government
from regulations
Electricity Act, 2003
• Consolidate laws related to generation,
transmission, distribution, trading and use
of electricity
• General measures
– for developing electricity industry, promoting
competition, protecting consumer interest,
supply of electricity to all areas, rationalization
of tariff, ETC
Energy and Environment
Inputs Process Outputs
Emission Emission
from from
process combustion

Energy
Water Industrial Products
Chemical Process
Raw
Material

Solid/ Direct/Indirect
Energy waste
Liquid
waste
Principle pollutants
The principle pollutants produced by
industrial, domestic and traffic
sources are
– sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides,
– particulate matter,
– carbon monoxide, ozone,
– hydrocarbons,
– benzene, 1,3-butadiene,
– toxic organic micro pollutants,
– lead and heavy metals.
Greenhouse gases
• Greenhouse gases is only 1 percent of the
atmosphere. They act as a blanket
– carbon dioxide from the combustion of coal,
oil and natural gas
– methane and nitrous oxide from farming
activities and changes in land use
– several man made gases that have a long life
in the atmosphere.
Acid Rain

• Caused by release of SOX


and NOX , which then
mixes with water vapour to
form acids
• Effects
– Acidification of lakes, streams
and soils
– Release of metals, washing
away of nutrients
– Killing wild life
– Decay of buldings
– Health problems
Evidence & Effects of Climatic
Change

• Increase in Global Temperature


• Severe Storms and Flooding
• Food shortages
• Dwindling Freshwater supply
• Loss of biodiversity
• Increased diseases
Energy Security
• Energy demand growth rate projected at 4.6% through 2010
• India has to import 75% of oil and 22% of coal to meet
requirement by 2006
• We are vulnerable to external price shocks and supply
fluctuations
• Need to reduce dependence on middle east and diversify
supplies
• Building stock piles
• Diversification of energy supply sources
• Increased capacity of fuel switching
• Demand restraint,
• Development of renewable energy sources.
• Energy efficiency
• Sustainable development
Energy Conservation and its importance

60% of resources
of world consumed
so far

85% of raw energy


comes from non-
renewable sources
and hence not
available for future
generation
Energy Conservation Vs Energy Efficiency

Energy Efficient Equipment uses less energy


for same output and reduces CO2 emissions

Incandescent Lamp Compact fluorescent Lamp


60 W 15 W

CO2 Emission – 65 g/hr CO2 Emission – 16 g/hr

Figure 1.14
Energy Strategy for the Future
Energy Strategies-Immediate
• Rationalizing tariff structure of various energy products
• Efficiency in production, reduction in distribution losses
• Promoting R&D and use of energy efficient technologies and practices
• Promoting energy efficiency standards
Energy Strategies-Medium
• Demand management
• Optimum fuel mix
• Increased dependence on rail than road for goods/passenger
• Recycling
• Shift to energy such as solar, wind and biomass energy
• Energy Strategies-Long
• Increased utilization of domestic fuel sources
• Improved energy infrastructure
• Enhancing energy efficiency
• Deregulation and privatization of energy sector
• Legislation to attract foreign investment
THE ENERGY CONSERVATION ACT,
2001 No 52 OF 2001 [29 September 2001]
th

Enacted in October 2001. Become effective from 1st


March 2002
Background
Wide variation - over 250% - in energy performance
among industries
25-30% energy can be easily saved
Important features of the Energy
Conservation Act

• Standards and Labeling


• Designated Consumers
• Certification of Energy Managers and
Accreditation of Energy Auditing Firms
• Energy Conservation Building Codes:
• Role of Central and State Governments:
• Enforcement through Self-Regulation:
• Penalties and Adjudication:
Designated Consumer
Schedule of Act provides list of designated consumers (DC).
DCs to
– Appoint/designate energy managers
– Get energy audits conducted by accredited energy
auditors
– Implement techno-economic viable
recommendations
– Comply with norms of energy consumption fixed
– Submit report on steps taken
List of Energy Intensive Industries and other
establishments specified as designated consumers
1. Aluminium;
2. Fertilizers;
3. Iron and Steel;
4. Cement;
5. Pulp and paper;
6. Chlor Akali;
7. Sugar;
8. Textile;
9. Chemicals;
10. Railways;
11. Port Trust;
12. Transport Sector (industries and services);
13. Petrochemicals, Gas Crackers, Naphtha Crackers and Petroleum
Refineries;
14. Thermal Power Stations, hydel power stations, electricity transmission
companies and distribution companies;
15. Commercial buildings or establishments

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