SEE 3533

CHAPTER V1
MULTIPLEXING
6.1 INTRODUCTION
• Process of transmitting two or more signals simultaneously is known
as multiplexing
• The main objective of this system is to increase the capacity of a
transmission channel
• 3 multiplexing methods: frequency (FDM), time (TDM) and space
(SDM)

6.2 FREQUENCY DIVISION MULTIPLEXING(FDM)

frequency
FDM system can be used in both
analog and digital system
fc3
FDM uses a different carrier
frequency for each user fc2

fc1 time

FDM Concept
Pemodulatan Digit
An example of AM single sideband-FDM system with 3 channels:

• In FDM process, each

BPF
vm1(t) information signal is
fc1
multiplied by a different sub-
carrier frequency i.e fc1 for
vm2(t) BPF vFDM(t) vm1(t), fc2 for vm2(t) and fc3 for
vm3(t).
fc2
Multiplexer • Output of the multiplier will be
vm3(t) BPF
a double sideband supressed
carrier signal (DSBSC)
fc3

• Each signal will then passed through a BPF

with bandwidth fc+fm or fc-fm.
• Ouput of BPF will then be either lower
sideband (LSB) or upper sideband (USB)
• Output from each filter will be multiplexed
together.
FDM signal spectrum for the three sub-carriers:

channel channel channel

1 2 3

fc1 fc2 fc3 f

Bandwidth of FDM depends on the number of sub-carrier used.

For N sub-carrier, the bandwidth of FDM is:

BWFDM  Nf m  3 f m
Example 6.1 :

4 information signals vm1(t), vm2(t), vm3(t) and vm4(t) with frequency

range 10 Hz  x  4 kHz were transmitted using AM double sideband
FDM system. Center frequency, fo for this FDM system is 900 MHz.
Determine the minimum sub-carrier frequencies for each information
signals. Next, calculate the bandwidth for the system.
Solution :
Minimum sub-carrier frequency depends on the BW  2 f mak
minimum bandwidth of the sampled signal. BW  2( 4kHz)
Minimum bandwidth for each information signal:
BW  8kHz
FDM signal spectrum with center freq., fo = 900 MHz.

channel channel channel channel

1 2 3 4
fc1 fc2 fo fc3 fc4 f (MHz)
fc1- fm 900
fc1+ fm fc3+ fm fc4+ fm
fc2 - fm fc4 - fm
fc2+ fm
fc3 - fm
 Sub-carrier frequency is the center frequency for each sampled signal
Therefore :

channel channel channel channel

1 2 3 4
fc1 fc2 fo fc3 fc4 f (MHz)
fc1- fm 900
fc1+ fm fc3+ fm fc4+ fm The number of sub-
fc2 - fm fc4 - fm carrier , N is 4.
fc2+ fm
fc3 - fm
Therefore, the bandwidth
of the system is:
f c1  f o  3 f m f c3  f o  f m
f c1  900MHz  3(4kHz) f c 3  900 MHz  4kHz BWFDM  N  2 f m
f c1  899.988MHz f c 3  900.004 MHz = 4(8kHz)
fc2  fo  fm fc4  fo  3 fm = 32kHz
f c 2  900 MHz  4kHz f c 4  900MHz  3(4kHz)
f c 2  899.996 MHz f c 4  900.012MHz
 6.3 WAVELENGTH DIVISION MULTIPLEXING(WDM)

• WDM can be used in both

analog and digital systems.
• Same concept as FDM: signals
transmitted over different
carriers, occupying non-
overlapping spectrum
• WDM is the application of FDM
within optical medium

WDM FDM
Frequency In THz, much Radio frequencies
higher than radio in MHz, GHz
Propagation Same path but Same time, same
through media different path
wavelengths travel
at different speed
Relationship between f and λ , c = f.λ
 ITU Wavelength Grid:

• Standard – Most commercial optical WDM system uses 100 GHz or 0.8 nm channel
spacing between 186 to 196 THz operating frequency.
• CWDM – In access networks where traffic is lower than core, cost is a concern, less
wavelengths are used. Channel spacing is 250 GHz or 20 nm.
• DWDM – Recently, ITU specifies narrower spacing, up to 0.2 nm or 25 GHz, used in
core networks to transport large transmission capacity
WDM Circuit Components:

 Each channel operates at a specific distinct wavelength

 Up to hundreds of wavelengths can be transmitted over a single fiber
core which can be as small as 10 micro meter in diameter (smaller than
human’s hair!)
 Multiplexer: combines all wavelengths to be transmitted over a fiber
Demultiplexer: separate wavelength to each transmitter
6.4 TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING(TDM)

• TDM is used in digital system.

• TDM system uses a different time slot for each user, but with the same
carrier frequency.

2 types of TDM system:

f • TDM PAM – input signal is a PAM signal.
This signal is transmitted directly as
space PAM samples.
• TDM PCM – Input to this system is the
ouput of PCM
• TDM PCM system can also received
time (t) signal in the form of PAM samples.
t1 t2 t3 However, these PAM samples need to be
changed to digital form (by using
TDM concept quantizer and encoder or analog to
digital converter) after sampled by the
commutator before transmitting on the
line
 TDM PCM multiplexing process for 3 information signals:

sample vm1

A/D
sample vm2 converter

sample vm3
commutator

channel 1 channel 2 channel 3 channel 1 channel 2 channel 3

All sampled bits Sampled Sampled Sampled Sampled Sampled Sampled
for one complete bit vm1 Bit vm2 Bit vm3 Bit vm1 Bit vm2 Bit vm3
cycle of the t1 t2 t3 t
commutator is
known as a Frame period, TF
frame.
TDM PCM signal

The position of the sampled bit information signal in time domain

Analysis : The information signal is sampled at sampling frequency 8
kHz and coded using 8 bits per sample.

• Period for 1 time slot: • Period for 1 frame:

Tchannel  Tsample / 3 T frame  (no of channel ) * Tchannel

1 T frame  3(41.67 s )
Tchannel 
8kHz(3) T frame  125s
Tchannel  125s / 3  41.67 s • No of bits for 1 frame:
• No of bits for each channel:  nframe   channel *  nchannel
 nchannel  n per _ sample  nframe  3(8)
 nframe  24bit
 nchannel  8bit
• Bit rate for each frame, fb(frame) :
• Bit rate for each channel:
fb(frame = no of channels x fb(channel
fb(channel) = nfN = 8(8KHz) fb(frame = 3 x 64 kbps
fb = 64 kbps fb(frame) = 192 kbps

• Min BWTDM = fb(frame) /2

= 192/2 = 96 KHz
 6.5 SPACE DIVISION MULTIPLEXING(SDM)
• The channel can still
operates eventhough
Transmitter 1 transmission cable receiver 1 there is a fault in one
of the cables.
Transmitter 2 receiver 2
• Easier maintenance
works.
Transmitter 3 receiver 3
• Increase cable cost
SDM uses multiple cables and the size of the
cables becomes
bigger and entangled
transmission medium

Transmitter 1 Antena Receiver 1

D Tx1 Antena D
S Rx1 S
Transmitter 2 P Antena Receiver 2
Antena P
Tx2
Rx2
Transmitter 3 Antena Receiver 3
Tx3 Antena
Rx3
SDM uses smart antenna
Pemodulatan Digit
 6.6 FDM TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEM
An example of an application using FDM system is the L-carrier Line telephone
system by AT&T in US and ITU-T.
FDM hierarchy in telephone system
Channel – telephone (ITU-T standard) used in Malaysia
signal with BW 4 kHz channel 1
.
Basic group
. MUX
Basic Group consists of . 1
12 telephone channels.
channel 12
BW = 48 kHz (12x4 kHz).
Basic group 1 . Super group
MUX
. 2
.
Basic group 5
Super Group = carries 60
Super group 1 .
telephone channels.
. MUX Master group
BW = 240 kHz (5x48 kHz). 3
.
Super group 5
Master Group = 300 telephone
Master group 1 .
channels with BW 1.2 MHz. Super master
. MUX
4 group
Super Master group = .
900 telephone chanels Master group 3
with BW = 3.6 MHz.
900 telephone channels were transmitted using one
coaxial cable with BW 4 MHz.
ITU-T FDM HIERARCHY

Channel 1 channel (4kHz)

Group 12 channels (48 kHz)
SuperG (5 G) 60 channels (240 kHz)
MasterG (5 SG) 300 channels (1.2 MHz)
JumboG (3 MG) 900 channels (3.6 MHz)
 TDM DEFINITIONS
 TDM is a technique used for transmitting several message signals over a
single communication channel by dividing the time frame into slots, one slot
for each message signal

 The method of combining several sampled signals in a definite time

sequence is called time-division multiplexing (TDM)

 Several low-bit rate signals are multiplexed or combined to form one high bit
rate signal to be transmitted over high frequency medium
TYPES OF TDM
 Depends on two aspects
 1. No. of bits within a time slot
 Digit or bit interleaving
 Multiplexing on a digit by digit basis e.g. PAM
 Word interleaving
 Word by word basis e.g. PCM
 2. Frequency or sampling rate of message signals
 Synchronous
 Same sampling rate for all signals
 Asynchronous
 Different frequency /sampling rate for signals
 Higher frequency/rate gets more slots
 SYNCHRONOUS
- Same sampling rate, fS for all
signals.
- Total transmission rate, fb
= N x the sampling rate, fS
fb = NfS
- Transmission Bandwidth = fb /2
where N is the no. of input message
ASYNCHRONOUS
- Different sampling rate for
different signals.
- Total transmission rate, fb is
equal to sum of samples of all
the signals
- Transmission Bandwidth = fb /2
TDM

 Sampling of multi sources in TDM is done by

commutator
 Commutator : device that sequentially sample
each input channel once per cycle
 Take a narrow sample of each input
 Interleave in sequence the N samples over T period

 For asynchronous case where source bandwidths

are different:
 Larger bandwidth source will be sampled more than
smaller bandwidth sources
6.6 TDM TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEM

• 2 standards in telephone system that uses PCM TDM, i.e T Line by

AT&T in US and E Line by CEPT in European countries.

• Telephone system in Malaysia uses the standard fixed by CEPT.

• Transmission process of TDM signals was conducted by using 32 time
channels for each E1 Line.

 30 channels carrying voice signals

 2 channels used for synchronization and
signalling

Frame period = 125second

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31

Voice channels Voice channels

Synchronization Signaling

Pemodulatan Digit
In a CEPT system, a frame contains 256 bits (8 bit x 32 time slots).
Therefore, bit rate is:

frame period, Tkerangka

Bit period , Tb 
total bit
125second
Bit period , Tb 
256
Bit period , Tb  488.28  109 second
1
Bit rate , f b 
Tb
Bit rate , f b  2.048Mbps

Bit rate 2.048 Mbps represents the bit rate for one E1 Line in CEPT system.
This bit rate increases through multiplexing process of E1 Line to E2 Line
and so on.

Pemodulatan Digit
 Each frame is transmitted in a group of multi-frame that contains 16 frames
(frame 0-15). In this system, 500 multi-frames (8000/16)is transmitted every
second. Fig. 6.11 shows the frame arrangement for a multi frame.

Period for 1 multi frame = 2 msecond

Frame 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Frame Time slot

0 0 and 16
1 1 and 17
Fig. 6.11: Multi frame format for E1 Line 2 2 and 18
telephone system 3 3 and 19
4 4 and 20
5 5 and 21
6 6 and 22
Table 6.1: Position of time slot for
7 7 and 23
synchronization and signalling for 1
8 8 and 24
multi frame
9 9 and 25
10 10 and 26
11 11 and 27
12 12 and 28
13 13 and 29
14 14 and 30
15 15 and 31
 Example : PCM-TDM CEPT System
Frame structure and Timing : European standard PCM system : E Line

488 ns Bit duration

8 bits per
time slot
3.9 s
3.9 s
30 signal + 2 control = 32 channels = 1 frame

125 s
125 s Signalling & synchronization

2 ms
Duration of multiframe 16 frames = 1 multiframe
(a) bits per time slot (b) time slots per frame (c) frames per multiframe
Pemodulatan Digit
 Line Hierarchy of CEPT telephone system

. E1 Line
For E1 Line = 32 channels
30 Voice .
2.048 Mbps are multiplexed for
channels+ . MUX
.
1
transmission.
2 .
.
signaling Data rate for E1 Line =
channels 2.048 Mbps.
E2 Line 4 E1 Line were next
E1 MUX 8.448 Mbps multiplexed to become E2
E1 2 Line.
E1
Data rate = 8.448 Mbps.

E3 Line Next, 4 E2 Line were

E2 MUX 34.368 Mbps multiplexed becoming E3
E2 3 Line.
E2
Data rate = 34.368 Mbps.
Lastly, 4 E3 Line were
E4 Line
multiplexed becoming E4
E3 MUX 139.264 Mbps
4
Line.
E3
E3 Data rate = 139.264 Mbps.

Pemodulatan Digit
 Examples
1. Two low-pass signals of equal bandwidth are sampled and time
division multiplexed using PAM. The TDM signal is passed
through a Low-pass filter & then transmitted over a link with a
bandwidth of 10KHz.
a) What is the maximum bit rate for each Channel?
b) What is the maximum frequency content allowable for each
signal?
2. 24 voice signals are sampled uniformly and then time division
multiplexed . The sampling operation uses the flat-top samples
with 1microsec duration. Another one channel is allocated for
synchronization
Assuming a sampling rate of 8KHz, calculate the spacing
between successive pulses of the multiplexed signal.

3. Three independent message signals of bandwidths 1KHz, 1KHz

and 2KHz respectively are to be transmitted using TDM scheme.
Determine
a) Speed of the commutator (in frames per sec) if all the
signals are sampled at its Nyquist rate.
b) Minimum Transmission bandwidth (Hz)
Example 6.2 :
A PCM TDM communication system contains 30 voice channels and 2 control
channels. The information data rate is 64 kbps for each channel. The audio channel
represents information signal that is quantized to 256 levels. Determine the bit period,
Tb and bit rate for each frame, fb. Next, calculate the maximum audio frequency that
can be transmitted.
Solution:
Sampling frequency for an audio signal is the same as
Given 1 frame = 32 time the sampling frequency used by the commutator of
slot, and fb(channel)= 64 kbps this system. Given sampling period for 1 frame is 125
Bit rate for 1 frame, fb(frame) s. Therefore, the sampling frequency is 8 kHz.
= 32 x 64 kbps= 2.048 Mbps
f N  2 fm
Maximum audio frequency,
Bit period: fN
1 fm  An example of audio
Tb  2 signal that has a
f b (frame ) 8kHz maximum frequency
1 fm  is the voice signal.
Tb  2
2.048 Mbps
fm  4kHz
Tb  0.488second

Pemodulatan Digit
Example 6.3 :
Design a TDM communication system that can accomodate 11 information
signals with the following characteristics:

Information 1 : Analog signal, fmax = 2 kHz

Information 2 : Analog signal, fmax = 4 kHz
Information 3 : Analog signal, fmax = 2 kHz
Information 4-11 : Digital signal, synchronized at a bit rate of 7200
bps
4-bit A/D converter is utilized

Solution :
 Sample vm1

Sample vm2

Sample vm3
4 kHz

commutator

TS1 TS2 TS3 TS2 TS1 TS2 TS3 TS2

(a) (b) (a) (b)
0 0.25 0.5 ms

fNyquist for information 1 = 2 (2KHz) = 4000 samples/sec OR sample every 0.25 ms

fNyquist for information 2 = 2 (4KHz) = 8000 samples/sec OR sample every 0.125 ms

So within 0.25 ms, 2 samples arrive

fNyquist for information 3 = 2 (2KHz) = 4000 samples/sec OR sample every 0.25 ms

Therefore, maximum time for a frame = 0.25 ms follows the lowest fNyquist

Pemodulatan Digit
 Sample vm1

Sample vm2
4 bit A/D
Sample vm3
4 kHz

commutator

Ouput of commutator is 16 K samples per sec = 4000 frames per sec x

4 samples per frame.
Ouput of 4 bit A/D is 64 kbps = 16 K samples per sec x 4-bit per sample
A second commutator is needed to sample the ouput of 4 bit A/D and the
digital signal (information signal 4 to 11).
This digital signal has a bit rate of 7.2 kbps.
The second commutator is chosen with sampling rate of 8 kHz.
Therefore, pulse stuffing is needed for each information signal 4 to 11 to
generate a bit rate of 8 kbps.
 Sample vm1
16 K samples per sec
Sample vm2
4 bit A/D
Sample vm3 4 kHz
7.2 kbps 64 kbps
Commutator 1
8 kbps
Information 4 Pulse stuffing

Information 5 Pulse stuffing

Information 6 Pulse stuffing

Information 7 Pulse stuffing

8 kHz
Information 8 Pulse stuffing PCM TDM
signal
Information 9 Pulse stuffing
Commutator 2
Information 10 Pulse stuffing

Information 11 Pulse stuffing

Pemodulatan Digit
SOLUTIONS TO EXAMPLES

1) Channel Bandwidth = 10 KHz.

No. of samples that can be transmitted through the channel = 20K
Maximum Sampling rate for each channel = 10KSamples/sec.
Maximum Frequency for each Signal = 5KHz

2) In One frame, Total number of pulses = 25.

Time duration for one time frame = Ts = 125µ seconds.
Time duration utilized by pulses = 25µ sec
Time spacing between successive pulses
= (125- 25)/25 = 4µ sec.
 3 a) Considering Nyquist frequency of the lowest frequency
input signal, 2KHz..
-Maximum frame period=1/2000=0.5ms
-Speed of Commutator = 1/0.5ms = 2000 frames/sec.

b) Transmission Bandwidth = bit rate/2 = 4000 Hz.

Communications and information systems

By Michael John Ryan, Michael Frater
THING TO DO ONLINE
 E-PPP:
 0% section 5
 0% section 6

 A group assignment (Max 6 Persons in each group) PRESENTATION IN WEEK starting 7 Dec
15-minute presentation based on the final topic advances in analog/digital
communication system in the classroom
All members must participate, individual mark
5 mins Q&A
FINAL 2010/2011 SEM1
 Figure Q5 shows a simplified technique of multiplexing 4 channels to
form one high bit rate signal to be transmitted over a transmission
medium.

i) Name the type of multiplexing technique used in Figure Q5

ii) Sketch the transmitted bits in the transmission medium. Label the time
slot, channel number and the frame.
 Explain clearly the E1 line CEPT standard used in multiplexing PCM
voice signal to achieve a transmission rate of 2.048 Mbps

 Sketch the spectrum of ASK and compare it with the spectrum of FSK.
From the spectrum, write down the bandwidth of ASK and bandwidth of
FSK.