Heat and Temperature

Heat is a form of energy, and is measured in Joules (J).

Temperature is different from heat.

Temperature is a measure of how hot or cold an object is.
It is measured in degrees Celsius (°C).

Heat can move from one place to another.

The three methods of heat travel are:
• conduction
• convection
• radiation
 Conduction
Experiment

A B C

HEAT

barrier
Pins A, B and C are held in place by vaseline/wax.
The barrier stops heat reaching the pins through the air.

CONDUCTION occurs in solids when heat passes from particle to

particle along the solid.
 Convection
Experiment

water

purple
crystal

HEAT

The purple colour allows us to see the heated water moving.

The convection currents look like this:

hot water rising

cold water falling

CONVECTION occurs in liquids and gases because their particles can

move.

Heated air and liquid will rise upwards.

 Day Break
Land is warmer than sea.
Air heats up and rises over
land, cools down and falls over
sea.

Sunset
Sea is warmer than land.
Air cools and falls over land,
but is warmed over the sea and
rises.
 Radiation
Experiment
A metallic cube known as a “Leslie Cube” is filled with boiling
water.
All hot objects radiate heat energy.

Radiated heat waves are also known as INFRARED RADIATION.

It travels at the speed of light (3 x 108 ms-1).

Matt black surfaces radiate more heat than shiny surfaces at the
same temperature.

Infrared radiation can travel through a vacuum (just as heat from sun
is able to travel through space which is a vacuum).
 Nocturnal Lemur Lemur
Black fur poses no Active during the day so
disadvantage as only active has lighter fur.
at night
On cold mornings points its
belly to the sun.
Heat Loss
Reducing Heat Loss

Preventative Action Heat Lost Type

cavity wall insulation conduction

double glazing conduction

carpets conduction

loft insulation convection

draft excluders convection

shiny foil behind radiators radiation

Heat energy is lost faster when there is a bigger difference in

temperature between inside and outside.
 Heat Energy
The amount of heat energy required to heat up an object depends on:
• the mass of the substance ( m )
• the material the object is made of
• the rise in temperature required ( ΔT )

The amount of heat energy is given by: EH  c m ΔT

 EH
÷

c m ΔT
x

Quantity Unit
Heat Energy ( EH ) Joules ( J )

Specific Heat Capacity Joules per kilogram per

(c) degrees Celsius ( J kg-1 °C-1 )

Mass ( m ) Kilograms ( kg )

Change in Temperature Degrees Celsius ( °C )

( ΔT )

** Specific Heat Capacities can be found on Data Sheet in exam paper **

Specific Heat Capacity is the amount of energy required to raise the

temperature of 1 kg of a substance by 1 °C.
Example 1
Calculate the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature
of 2 kg of water from 20 °C to 100 °C.

m  2 kg
ΔT  100  20 EH  c m ΔT
 80 C ** data sheet **  4180  2  80
c  4180 J kg-1 C -1 EH  668,800 J
EH  ?
Example 2
A 3 kg block of copper at 15 °C is heated.
Calculate the rise in temperature if 20 kJ of heat energy is
transferred to the copper.

m  3 kg EH
ΔT 
cm
EH  20 kJ
 20  10 3 J 20,000 J 20  10 3

380  3
c  380 J kg-1 C -1 ** data sheet **
ΔT  ? ΔT  17.5 C

final temperatur e  15  17.5

 32.5 C
Example 3
0.5 kg of a liquid is heated from 8 °C to 40 °C by 50 kJ of heat energy.
Calculate the specific heat capacity of the liquid.

m  0.5 kg EH
c
ΔT  40  8 m ΔT
 32 C
50  10 3
EH  50 kJ 
0.5  32
 50  10 3 J 50,000 J
c  3,125 J kg-1 C -1
c?
 Yellow Book
Heat Energy – Page 90
Q79 (a) (b) (c) and (d)
Q80, Q81, Q82, Q83, Q84, Q85
 Power of a Heater
Experiment
Joulemeter

12 volt
Immersion Heater

to 12 V
a.c. supply

stopwatch
Zero the joulemeter.
Switch on for 20 seconds and record the energy used.

E
P
t
t  20 s

E J 
20
P?
P W
 Specific Heat Capacity
Experiment
The specific heat capacity of aluminium is measured using the
apparatus shown.

to 12 V thermometer
a.c. supply

heater
aluminium block

stopwatch
Initial temperature of block °C.
The heater is switched on for 5 minutes.
Final temperature of block °C.

Heat Energy Used

t  5 min EH  P  t
 300 s
  300
P W
EH  J
EH  ?
Specific Heat Capacity

initial temperatur e  C

final temperatur e  C EH
c
m ΔT
ΔT  C

EH  J 

m kg
c J kg-1 C -1
c?

The value measured experimentally is higher than 380 J kg-1 °C-1.

This is because not all the heat energy is transferred to the
aluminium block – some is lost to the surroundings.
 Combining EH = cmΔT and E = Pxt

The heat energy equation is: EH  c m ΔT

The equation for electrical power is: E  Pt

Since E = P x t we can
EH  c m ΔT write P x t instead of E.

P  t  c m ΔT ** NOT on data sheet **

Example 1
2 kg of water is heated from 20°C to 60°C by a 2 kW heater.
Calculate the time taken.

m  2 kg EH  c m ΔT
ΔT  60  20 P  t  c m ΔT
 40 C
2,000 t  4180  2  40
P  2 kW
4180  2  40
 2,000 W t
2000
c  4180 J kg-1 C -1
334,400
t? t
2,000
t  167.2 s
Questions
Q1. 0.5 kg of copper is heated from 15 °C to 50 °C by a 60 W
heater.
Calculate the time taken. 112.6 s

Q2. 2 kg of water at 10 °C is heated by a 1.5 kW heater for 3 mins.

Calculate the final temperature of the water. ΔT = 32.3 °C
so Tfin = 42.3 °C

Q3. How long will it take a 2.3 kW heater to boil 0.5 kg of water
with an initial temperature of 10 °C. 81.8 s
 Measuring & Calculating Time Taken

Experiment
The time taken for a kettle to boil is measured and calculated.

P  1,850 W P  t  c m ΔT
m  1 kg 1,850  t  4,180 1 
Tinitial  C 1,850  t 
Tfinal  100 C
t
ΔT  C 1,850
Cwater  4,180 J kg-1 C -1 t s

The measured time taken for the kettle to boil is s.

 Variations of EH = cmΔT
There are several formulae for energy.
These can be used to do heat calculations.

EH  c m ΔT

P  t  c m ΔT

V  I  t  c m ΔT ** NOT on data sheet **

1
m v2  c m ΔT
2
Example 1
A heater operates from the 230 V mains supply and takes a current
of 3 A.
This heater is used to heat up 2 kg of water at 18 °C.
The heater is switched on for 5 minutes.
Calculate the rise in temperature of the water and then state the
final temperature reached.

V  I  t  c m ΔT
V  230 V
230  3 300  4,180  2  ΔT
I 3A
m  2 kg 207,000  8,360 ΔT
t  5 mins 8,360 ΔT  207,000
 60 5 207,000
 300 s ΔT 
8,360
Cwater  4,180 J kg-1 C -1
ΔT  24.8 C
ΔT  ?
The final temperature of the water is: Tfinal  18  24.8
 42.8 C
Example 2
A lead bullet of mass 0.05 kg has a speed of 80 ms-1.
The bullet hits a wall and stops.
Calculate the rise in temperature of the bullet as it does this.
(clead = 130 J kg-1 °C-1)

All the kinetic energy is transferred into heat energy (EK = EH)
1
m v2  c m ΔT
2
1
m  0.05 kg  0.05  802  130  0.05  ΔT
2
v  80 ms -1 160  6.5 ΔT
clead  130 J kg-1 C -1
6.5 ΔT  160
ΔT  ?
160
ΔT 
6.5
ΔT  24.6 C
Question
A 2.2 kW kettle contains 1.7 kg of water at 12 °C.
The kettle is switched on for 4 minutes.
(a) Calculate the maximum temperature reached by the
water.
(b) In practice, will the maximum temperature reached be
bigger or smaller than this calculated value.
Explain your answer fully.
(a)
P  2.2 kW P  t  c m ΔT
 2,200 W
2,200  240  4180 1.7  ΔT
t  4 mins
 60 4 528,000  7,106 ΔT
 240 s 7,106 ΔT  528,000
m  1.7 kg 528,000
ΔT 
cwater  4,180 J kg-1 C -1 7,106
ΔT  74.3 C
ΔT  ?

The maximum temperature of the water is: Tmax  12  74.3

 86.3 C
(b) In practice, the maximum temperature reached will be less than
74.3 °C.
This is because some heat energy is lost to the surroundings.
 Cooling Salol
Experiment
Liquid salol at 60°C is allowed to cool.
The temperature of the liquid salol is measured every minute as it
cools.

thermometer
stopwatch

liquid
Salol
Results

Time Temperature
(minutes) (°C)
1
2
3
.
.
.
25
A graph of the temperature against time is plotted for the cooling salol.

temperature A change of state

(°C)
B
38 C

D E

time

During a change of state – NO CHANGE IN TEMPERATURE.

Stage Description
AB liquid cools down

BC liquid salol turns to a solid (solidifies)

latent (hidden) heat is given out
temperature stays the same

CD solid salol cools down to room temp.

DE salol is at room temp. so no further

fall in temperature

temperature A

(°C)
B
38 C

D E

time
 Change of State

The changes of state are:

melting evaporation

Solid Liquid Gas

freezing condensation
 Latent Heat of Fusion (melting)
The amount of heat energy required to melt a solid depends on:
1. the mass of the solid
2. what substance the solid is made of.

This gives the equation: EH  m Lf

 EH
÷

m Lf
x

Quantity Unit
Heat Energy ( EH ) Joules ( J )

Mass ( m ) Kilograms ( kg )

Specific Latent Heat of Fusion ( Lf ) Joules per Kilogram ( J kg-1 )

Specific Latent Heat of Fusion is the amount of energy required to

change 1 kg of a substance from solid to liquid

The specific latent heat of fusion for water is 3.34 x 105 J kg-1.
Example 1
Calculate the energy required to melt 2 kg of ice at 0 °C.

m  2 kg EH  m Lf
Lf  3.34  10 5 J kg-1 
 2  3.34  105 
EH  ?
EH  6.68  10 5 J
Example 2
Calculate the time taken by a 500 W heater to completely melt 2 kg of
ice at 0 °C.

EH  m Lf
P  t  m Lf
P  500 W
m  2 kg 
500 t  2  3.34  105 
Lf  3.34  10 5 J kg-1 6.68  10 5
t
500
t  1,336 s
Questions
1. Calculate the heat energy required to melt 2.7 kg of ice at 0 °C.

2. A 700 W heater inside a block of ice at 0 °C is switched on for

3 minutes.
Calculate the mass of ice which will melt.

3. A 1 kW heater inside a block of ice at 0 °C is switched on.

The heater melts 0.65 kg of ice.
Calculate the time that the heater was switched on for.
 Measuring Specific Latent Heat
of Fusion of Ice
Experiment
Joulemeter
Ice at 0 °C
Heater
(not switched on)

Water

Beaker 1 Beaker 2
Control Experiment
The control experiment is not switched on.
The control measures the amount of ice that melts due to temperature
of the room.
The heater connected to the joulemeter is switched on for 5-minutes.
The amount of ice melted in beaker 2 is subtracted from the amount
melted in beaker 1.

Results
EH  m Lf
EH  J
EH
Lf 
mmelted by heater  room  kg m
mmelted by room  kg

mmelted by heater only  kg
Lf  J kg-1
The data booklet value is 3.34 x 105 J kg-1.

Q. Why is the measured value less than the data book vale?
The measured value is less than 3.34 x 105 J kg-1 as heat
energy is lost to the surroundings.
 Latent Heat of Vaporisation
The heat energy needed to boil away a liquid (vaporise) depends on:
1. the mass of liquid
2. what the liquid is.

This gives the equation: EH  m LV

The specific latent heat of vaporisation of water is 2.26 x 106 J kg-1.

Questions
1. Calculate the energy required to turn 3kg of water at 100 °C
into steam at 100 °C.

2. Calculate the time taken by a 2 kW kettle to boil away 0.5 kg of

water at 100 °C.
 Measuring Specific Latent Heat
of Vaporisation

Experiment

The mass of the kettle and water is

measured.
The kettle is kept on for 5 minutes while
water the water boils.
The new mass of the kettle and boiling
1,850 W water is taken.
heating element
 Results

mkettle  water  kg EH  m LV

mkettle  boiling water  kg P  t  m LV

1,850  300   LV
mwater turned to steam  kg
 LV  555,000
P  1,850 W 555,000
LV 
tboiling  5 mins
 5  60
 300 s LV  J kg-1
 Applications Involving a
Change of State

Cool Box

frozen pack

• A frozen pack is placed inside the cool box.

• It absorbs heat energy from the air and the food inside.
• The frozen pack melts ( solid to liquid ).
• The air and food are cooler.
The Fridge
• the motor pumps a liquid
compressor through pipe work inside
fridge.
• the liquid absorbs (latent)
heat energy, and changes
Heat Heat to a gas.
• air inside fridge becomes
cooler.
M
• compressor changes gas
back to a liquid.
• gas loses heat energy as
travels through pipes at
rear.
 Complex Heat Calculations
Example 1
(a) Calculate the heat energy required to turn 0.5 kg of ice at
0°C into water at 20°C.
cwater = 4180 J kg-1 °C-1 Lf ice = 3.34 x 105 J kg-1

There are 2 parts to this problem:

1. melting ice
2. heating water
melting the ice

m  0.5 kg EH  m Lf
Lf  3.34  10 5 J kg-1 
 0.5  3.34  105 
EH  ?
EH  1.67  105 J (167,000 J)

heating the water

m  0.5 kg
ΔT  20  0 EH  c m ΔT
 20 C  4180  0.5  20
c  4180 J kg-1 C -1 EH  41,800 J
EH  ?

total energy  1.67  10 5  41,800

 2.088  10 5 J
(b) How long would it take a 700 W kettle to do this?

E
E
P ÷

t P t
x

P  700 W E
t
P
E  2.088 105 J
2.088  10 5
t? 
700
t  298 s
Questions
1. (a) Calculate the heat energy required to turn 1.2 kg of ice
at 0°C into water at 18°C. 400,800 + 90,288 = 491,088 J

(b) Calculate the time it would take a 600 W heater to do this.

818.5 seconds
2. A 0.2 kg mass of a solid substance is heated by a 150 W heater.
A graph of temperature against time for the substance as it is
heated is shown.

temperature
(°C)

40

10
50 250 time (s)

(a) What happens between 50 and 250 seconds? change of state

(b) What is the melting point (temperature) of the solid? 40 °C

(c) Calculate the specific heat capacity of the solid. 1250 J kg-1 °C-1

(d) Calculate the specific latent heat of fusion of the substance.

150,000 J kg-1`