STATISTICS AND

PROBABILITY
Chapter 1
 REVIEW Identify the term being described in
each of the following:
1.Any activity which can be done experiment
repeatedly under similar conditions.
2.The set of all possible outcomes in an Sample
experiment space
3.A subset of a sample space Sample point
4.Any notable happening in an experiment event
5.The ratio of the number of favorable
outcomes to the number of possible probability
outcomes.
RANDOM VARIABLES AND
PROBABILITY
DISTRIBUTIONS
LESSON 5
OBJECTIVES
The learner:
1. illustrate/provide examples of random
variables M11/12SP-IIIa-1
2.distinguish between discrete and continuous
random variables M11/12SP-IIIa-2
3.To find the possible values of a random
variable. M11/12SP-IIIa-3
PROBABILITY
The branch of mathematics that deals
with uncertainty.

It is the measure or estimation of how

likely it is that an event will occur.
COUNT ME IN!
Using the Fundamental Principle of
Counting,

• How many outcomes will there be for the

given events

• List all the possible outcomes

COUNT ME IN!
1.A company puts a code on each different product they sell.
The code is made up of a number and a letter. How many
different codes are possible?
2.Jim has 3 pairs of pants, 2 shirts and 2 hats, how many
different ways can he dress?
3.A choice of chicken, fish or beef for the main dish and a
choice of cake or pudding for dessert.
4.You are choosing curtains, paint, and carpet for your room.
You have 3 choices of wall decors, 2 choices of paint, and
4 choices of carpeting. How many ways can you choose
curtains, paint, and carpeting for your room?
CAN YOU???
Group the class into 4 and do the given tasks.

TASK 1 TASK 2
Toss the 1-peso Each members
coin three (3) hold their breath
times. and record the time
Record the results. using a stop timer..
QUESTIONS:
1. Compare the results of the coin with the other groups, did
you have the same results? How many possible outcomes
should there be? How did you say so?
2. When asked for the number of heads that appear, did you
count it easily?
3. When asked to hold your breath, what did you do to record
the exact time?
4. What can you observe from the values of Number of Heads
and Time of Holding Breath? Which can be easily counted?
Which of them can be presented with decimal values?
 STATISTICAL EXPERIMENT
is an activity that will produce outcomes, or a
process that will generate data. The outcomes
have a corresponding chance of occurrence.

Examples of which are (a) tossing three coins and

counting the number of heads, (b) recording the time
a person can hold his/her breath, (c) counting the
number of students in the classroom who are present
today, (d) obtaining the height of a student, etc.
RANDOM VARIABLE
A random variable is
a variable that assumes numerical
values associated with the random
outcomes of an experiment,
where one (and only one) numerical
value is assigned to each sample point.
RANDOM VARIABLE
We use “Suppose two coins are tossed
and we are interested to
capital determine the number of heads
letters to that will come out.”
represent a
Let use H to represent the
random number of heads that will come
variable. out (this is our random variable).
 Possible Random Variable H Random Variable T
Student
Outcomes (No. of head) (Time of Holding Breath)
HHH 3 1 6.7 sec.
HHT 2 2 10.8 sec.
HTT 1 3 12.5 sec
TTT 0 4 15 sec
TTH 1 5 18 sec.
THH 2 6 18.2 sec.
THT 1
HTH 2
Which of these can be counted easily?
• Depth of the pond • Number of calls
• Number of sales • Volume of water

• Weight of the fish • Shares of stock

• Length of the table • People in line

• Mistakes per page
• Size of the family
 TWO TYPES OF
RANDOM VARIABLE
Discrete Random Continuous Random
Variable Variable

Random variables Random variables that

that can assume a can assume values
countable number corresponding to any of
(finite or infinite) of the points contained in
values are called one or more intervals
discrete. (i.e., values that are infinite and
uncountable) are called
continuous.
Discrete Random Variable Examples
Experiment Random Variable Possible Values

Make 100 Sales Calls # Sales 0, 1, 2, ..., 100

Inspect 70 Radios # Defective 0, 1, 2, ..., 70

Answer 33 Questions # Correct 0, 1, 2, ..., 33

Count Cars at Toll # Cars 0, 1, 2, ..., ∞

Between 11:00 & 1:00
Arriving
Continuous Random Variable Examples

Experiment Random Variable Possible Values

Weigh 100 People Weight 45.1, 78, ...

Measure Part Life Hours 900, 875.9, ...

Amount spent on food $ amount 54.12, 42, ...

Measure Time Inter-Arrival 0, 1.3, 2.78, ...

Between Arrivals Time
EXAMPLES
DISCRETE RANDOM VARIABLES CONTINUOUS RANDOM VARIABLE

Number of pencils in the box Amount of antibiotics in the vial

Number of soldiers in the troop Lifetime of light bulbs in minutes

Number of rotten tomatoes in the basket Length of wire ropes

Number of defective flashlights Voltage of radio batteries

 Given the following experiments and random
variable, identify whether the variable is discrete
or continuous.

Experiment: Roll a pair of dice

Random Variable: Sum of numbers that
appears in the pair of
dice
 Given the following experiments and random
variable, identify whether the variable is discrete
or continuous.

Experiment: Ask a friend about preparing

for a quiz in statistics
Random Variable: How much time (in hours)
he/she spends studying for
this quiz
 Given the following experiments and random
variable, identify whether the variable is discrete
or continuous.

Experiment: Buy an egg from the

grocery

Random Variable: The weight of the egg

in grams
 Given the following experiments and random
variable, identify whether the variable is discrete
or continuous.

Experiment: Record the number of hours watching

tv from 7pm to 11pm for the past five
nights.
Random Variable: The number of hours watching tv
from 7 pm to 11 pm
 FINDING FOR THE
VALUES OF THE
RANDOM VARIABLE
EXAMPLE 1
“Suppose two coins are tossed and we are
interested to determine the number of heads that
will come out.”

Let use H to represent the number of heads that

will come out. Determine the values of the random
variable H.
Step 1
List the sample space of the
experiment.

S = { HH, HT, TH, TT }

Step 2
Count the number of heads in each outcome and
assign this number to this outcome.
Random
OUTCOME
Variable(value of H) The values of the
HH 2 random variable H
HT 1 (number of heads)
TH 1 in this experiment
are 0, 1 and 2
TT 0
EXAMPLE 2
A basket contains 10 ripe and 4 unripe
bananas. If 3 bananas are taken from the
basket one after the other.

Determine the possible values of the random

variable R representing the number of ripe
bananas.
 NUMBER OF HEADS
OUTCOME
(value of H)
The values of
RRR 3 the random
RRU 2 variable R
RUR 2 (number of
URR 2 ripe bananas)
in this
UUR 1
experiment
URU 1 are
RUU 1 0, 1, 2 and 3
UUU 0
FIRM UP!
Classify the following as
DISCRETE or CONTINUOUS.

The number of senators present in the

meeting.

The weight of newborn babies for the

month of June.
FIRM UP!
Classify the following as
DISCRETE or CONTINUOUS.

The number of ballpens in the box.

The capacity of the electrical resistors

FIRM UP!
Classify the following as
DISCRETE or CONTINUOUS.

The amount of salt needed to bake a loaf

of bread.

The capacity of an auditorium.

FIRM UP!
Classify the following as
DISCRETE or CONTINUOUS.

The number of households with television.

The height of the mango trees.

FIRM UP!
Classify the following as
DISCRETE or CONTINUOUS.

The area of lots in a subdivision.

The number of students who joined a field

trip.
SUM it UP!
What is a random variable?

What are the 2 types of random variable?

How do they differ?

How do we identify the values of a

random variable?
EVALUATE: Determine the values of the random
variable in each of the following situations.

1. A meeting of consuls was attended by 4

Americans and 2 Germans. If 3 consuls were
selected at random, determine the values of the
random variable G representing the no. of
Germans.
2. A coin is flipped 4 times. Let T be the number of
tails that come out. Determine the values of the
random variable T.
ASSIGNMENT:
A coin is flipped (3) times.

1. Determine all the possible outcomes.

2. Determine the values of the random
variable T (tail).
3. What is the chance of flipping the coin 3
times and getting exactly 2 tails?