ADVANCE ELECTRONIC

COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
AND DESIGN
ECE13
k - factor
 k - factor
A numerical value that considers the non ideal
condition of the atmosphere refraction that
causes the ray beam to bent toward the earth
or away from the earth
 k - factor
k<1→Sub-standard condition. Microwave beam is
bent away from the Earth
k=4/3→Standard condition. The fictitious earth
radius appears to the microwave beams to be
longer than the earth radius.
k>4/3→Super-standard condition. The condition
results in an effective flattening of the equivalent
earth’s curvature
k=∞→Infinity condition(Flat Earth condition). The
condition results to zero curvature (as if the earth
is flat) and the microwave beam follows the
curvature of the earth.
k - factor
 Surface Refractivity
•
Repeaters
 REPEATER
REPEATER- is a combination of a receiver and
a transmitter operating on separate
frequencies. The receiver picks up a signal from
a remote transmitter, amplifies it, and
retransmits it (on another frequency) to a
remote receiver. Usually the repeater is located
between the transmitting and receiving
stations, and therefore it extends the
communication distance. Repeaters have
extremely sensitive receivers and high-power
transmitters, and their antennas are located at
high points.
 REPEATER
TRUNKED REPEATER SYSTEM- two or more
repeaters are under the control of a computer
system that can transfer a user from an
assigned but busy repeater to another,
available repeater. Thus the communication
load is spread around between several
repeaters
REPEATER
 REPEATER

NOTE: The “ultimate” repeater is, of course, a

communication satellite

The receiver- transmitter combination within

the satellite is known as a transponder.
Earth Bulge and Curvature
 EARTH BULGE
•
 EARTH BULGE
•
EARTH BULGE
FRESNEL ZONE
FRESNEL ZONE
FRESNEL ZONE
FRESNEL ZONE
FRESNEL ZONE
FRESNEL ZONE
ANTENNA GAIN
ANTENNA GAIN
Free Space Loss
FREE SPACE LOSS
 FREE SPACE LOSS
This is a loss acquired by an
electromagnetic wave during propagation in
straight path through vacuum. The formula in
computing for the free space loss is:

FSL = 92.45 + 20logF + 20logD

Where:
F = Frequency in Gigahertz
D = Total Path Distance in KM
 FREE SPACE LOSS
It is possible to calculate the path loss between
a transmitter and a receiver. The path loss
proportional to the square of the distance
between the transmitter and receiver as seen
above and also to the square of the frequency
in use. The free space path loss can be
expressed in terms of either the wavelength or
the frequency. Both equations are given below:
 FREE SPACE LOSS
In terms of wavelength

In terms of frequency
 FREE SPACE LOSS

Free Space Path Loss in Decibel

Fade Margin
 FADE MARGIN
Fade Margin is the design allowance that
provides sufficient gain or sensitivity to
accommodate expected fading for the purpose
of ensuring that the required quality of service
is maintained. It is known as the amount by
which a receive signal level may be reduced
without causing system performance to fall
below the specified threshold value.
 FADE MARGIN
Fade Margin Calculation
Barnett-Vignant Equation:
FM = 30logD + log(6Fab) – 10log(1-R) - 70

Where:
d = distance in km
a = terrain parameter
30logD = multi-path effect
1-log(6Fab) = terrain sensitivity
10log(1-R) = reliability objectiveness
FADE MARGIN
Link Analysis
 LINK ANALYSIS
Effective Isotropic Radiated Power(EIRP)
-the amount of power that would have to be
emitted by an isotropic antenna to produce the
peak power density observed in the direction of
maximum antenna gain.
 LINK ANALYSIS
Antenna Gain Formula
 LINK ANALYSIS
Antenna Gain Formula
 LINK ANALYSIS
Isotropic Receive Level (IRL)
 LINK ANALYSIS
Receive Signal Level (RSL) – unfaded
 LINK ANALYSIS
Receiver Threshold (C/N)
 LINK ANALYSIS
Thermal Noise Threshold (Pn)
LINK ANALYSIS
LINK ANALYSIS
Thank you very much . . .