Cuprins

1. Introduction

2. Positive and negative sequence impedance

3. Zero sequence and mutual impedance

4. Case study
1. Introduction

 Studies have shown that in the case of 110 kV long transmission lines
(>40km) that are on the same tower, or paralleled along the same right of
way, exists mutual coupling in their zero-sequence circuits. Also, in case of
unbalanced faults the power lines that have different voltage levels present
mutual coupling

Fault impedance measuring issues:

 the dynamic changes of the characteristics of the power system,
such as in generation capacity, load and in network topology;
 inaccuracies in the measuring transformers, relay measuring
inputs, line parameters and protection algorithms;
 mutual coupling between parallel transmission circuits;
 uncertainty in the nature of the fault impedance;
2. Positive and negative sequence impedance

 The transmission line is totally transposed when the arrangement is

changed at exactly the same distance for 3n times (n=number of
lines).
 mutual impedances in the positive and negative sequence system
are usually below 5% of the rated self impedance for untransposed
lines and lower than 3% for transposed lines
3. Zero sequence and mutual impedance

 In case of a single-phase to ground fault, the zero sequence currents are

distributed equally among the conductors of a single phase line and have a
common return through the earth

De
Z 11  ra  0.987  f  10 3  j  2.894  f  10 3  log ohm/km
GMR

3 3 De
Z 12  0.987  f  10  j  2.894  f  10  log ohm/km
GMD12
- ra is the line conductor resistance;
- GMD is the geometrical mean distance;
- GMR is the geometric mean radius of a conductor (or a group of
conductors);
 The zero sequence and mutual impedance are:
De
Z 0  3  Z 11  ra  0.148  j  0.4340  log
GMR
ohm/km at 50 Hz
De
Z 0M  3  Z 12  0.148  j  0.4340  log ohm/km at 50 Hz
GMD
1
 the zero sequence impedance of parallel lines: Z 0P   (Z 0  Z 0M )
2
Values for various soils
Soil (Ω m) De at 50 Hz (meters) log De

Damp earth 100 931.073 2.969

Dry earth 1000 2944 3.469
Seawater 1 93.107 1.969
Pure slate 107 2.944 105 5.469
Sandstone 109 2.944 106 6.469
;

VA
Zmeasured 
IA  k 0  Ih

 Due to the parallel line, the phase to

earth voltage applied to the relay is: VA  ZdL  IA  Z 0 L  ZdL  Ih  ZdL  Z 0M  Ihp  ZdL
3  ZdL 3  ZdL

 k 0 M  Ihp 
Zmeasured  ZdL  1  
 IA  k 0  Ih 

k 0M  Ihp
IA  k 0  Ih error that increases with the parallel line earth current in
relation with the relay current IA  k 0  Ih
4. Case study

ZSh=4+6∙j [ohm] –zero sequence impedance of the source;

ZSd=2+3∙j [ohm] –positive sequence impedance of the source;

 Positive sequence impedance, zero sequence impedance and the zero

sequence mutual impedance of the line are determined considering the
Sn 110252.5.3.B.R pole, ALOL 185/32 mm2 conductor and different earth
resistivities.
a. L=70 km, m=0.1,0.2..1, Rfault=0 ohm, ρ=100 ohm∙m, Un=110000/√3 V, EA=Un∙e1i∙0 V
b. L=9 km, m=0.1,0.2..1, Rfault=0 ohm, ρ=100 ohm∙m. Un=110000/√3 V, EA=Un∙e1i∙0 V
c. L=9 km, m=0.1,0.2..1, Rfault=0 ohm, ρ=100 ohm∙m. Un=110000/√3 V, EA=Un∙e1i∙(-85) V
d. L=70 km, m=0.1,0.2..1, Rfault=0 ohm, ρ=100 ohm∙m. Un=110000/√3 V, EA=Un∙e1i∙(-85) V
e. L=9 km, m=0.1,0.2..1, Rfault=0 ohm, ρ=1 ohm∙m. Un=110000/√3 V, EA=Un∙e1i∙0 V
f. L=9 km, m=0.1,0.2..1, Rfault=10 ohm, ρ=100 ohm∙m. Un=110000/√3 V, EA=Un∙e1i∙0 V
a.L=9 km, m=0.7, Rfault=0
ohm, ρ=100,200..1000
ohm∙m, Un=110000/√3 V,
EA=Un∙e1i∙0 V
b.L=9
km, m=0.7, Rfault=0 ohm,
ρ=100,200..1000 ohm∙m.
Un=110000/√3 V, EA=Un∙e1i∙0
V
c.L=9 km,
m=0.7, Rfault=0 ohm,
ρ=100,200..1000 ohm∙m.