Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Chapter 5
Part II
William G. Huitt
• Edward Thorndike
• John Watson
• B.F. Skinner
Operant Conditioning
Outcomes of Conditioning
Increase Decrease
Stimulus
Behavior Behavior
Add Subtract
Positive/ Positive Response Cost
pleasant Reinforcement
Subtract Add
Negative/ Negative Punishment
Aversive Reinforcement
Operant Conditioning
• Two stages of negative reinforcement
– Escape learning
• Learning to perform a behavior because it terminates an
aversive event
– Avoidance learning
• Learning to avoid events or conditions associated with
dreaded or aversive outcomes
• Many avoidance behaviors are maladaptive and occur in
response to phobias
Operant Conditioning
• Shaping behavior
– An operant conditioning technique that consists of
gradually molding a desired behavior (response) by
reinforcing responses that become progressively
closer to the desired behavior
– B. F. Skinner demonstrated that shaping is
particularly effective in conditioning complex
behaviors
Operant Conditioning
• Shaping behavior
– Successive approximations
• A series of gradual steps, each of which is more like the
final desired response
– The motives of the shaper and the person or animal
whose behavior is being shaped are different
– The shaper seeks to change another’s behavior by
controlling its consequences
– The person or animal’s motive is to gain rewards or
avoid unwanted consequences
Use Conditioning to Modify Your Own Behavior
4. Choose reinforcers
• Pick appropriate for action
• Be prepared for not receiving
Variable Interval
• The first correct response after a set amount of
time has passed is reinforced (i.e., a consequence
is delivered).
• After the reinforcement, a new time period (shorter
or longer) is set with the average equaling a
specific number over a sum total of trials.
Variable Ratio
• A reinforcer is given after a set number of correct
responses.
• After reinforcement the number of correct
responses necessary for reinforcement changes.
This schedule is best for maintaining behavior.
• Example: Student raises hand to be called on.
Schedules of consequences