STEEL TO STEEL JOINT

Material :- steel
Members :- I-section ,channel section, steel pipe
Method :- the joint between pipes and I-section is laid
with help of certain type of clamps or lugs .
Then they are tightened with the nuts and bolts.
Channel section are also laid so to make it like a stand
to work during certain maintainace time.

The joints in the adjacent image are made of steel

clamps\lugs with certain length to connect both the
steel I-section and steel pipe.

STEEL TO STEEL JOINT

Material : - steel

Method :- joining of these angle section to

I-section is done with nuts and bolts.
Nut and bolt joining
the tie member to the
flange of the I-section.
• Place : hording board
• foundation is laid out of concrete
and steel I-section laid in it,but the
upper structure and the I-section can
be extracted if needed to remove .
• Nut size are equivalent to the flange
width of the I-section.
•Bracing and tie members are
connected to the I-section via nut and
bolting.
 STEEL TO STEEL FOR A PRE
ENGINEERED STRUCTURE / PRE
FABRICATED STRUCTURE

material :-steel
members:- I-section(as column), flat plate I
–section (as beam)with certain structural
design for extra strength in web part of the
section.
Method:- In this joinery the metal I-section
are interlocked .
Certain grooves are made in the section so
that they are easy to lock and then they are
tightened via nut and bolt joint having
certain cleats of angle section or flat plates
Designed
meant
Grooves in cleats for
For horizontal ties
I-section certain
members.

TIMBER TO TIMBER

Material:- treated wood , metal cleat and plates with rods(tie) to connect.

Method:- the first image

In the this image the timber joint is made with the help of making a
groove for the metal strip (y shaped strip ).

First it is anchored in the vertical post after that the other two timber
parts are slided in making it easy to remove and install .

The second image is of a truss member

Supporting the ridge and to make it more stable steel ties are added to it.
The steel ties are made of a gazztte plate and the steel rods are welded to
it.
SCAFOLDDING These is a steel structure
Members:-base plate , coupling ,bracing ,
ledger, standards , guard rails , transom,
main cross pipe(tie).
Joinery: coupling joints, coupler joint
Method:- first the base plate are marked
on the ground .
Then the coupling ,holding steel pipes are
laid ,(as
The base plate acts as flat base support)
after that ledger are interlocked in the
coupler .
As these coupling are available to us in
main shape like T , elbow, straight,
coupling so as they are easy to interlock
and easy to dismantle.
Another type of scaffolding is
fromTimber which are meant for
low Heights construction known as
mason scaffolding
The method of erection of the
Structure is same as the steel but
the joints here are either nailed or
nut Bolted together.
Note : these scaffolding can also be
out of steel.

CUPLOCK SCAFFOLDING

Members :- stand, ledger, bottom cup, ledge

blade, top cup

Method :- bottom cup are welded to the

stand.
Then the ledger have specific ends known as
ledge blade, so as to get fixed in the bottom
cup and then after that top cup is fixed in it
and by hammering at certain point the
ledger and stand are fixed together
FORMWORK AND
SHUTTERING
It is mould made for structure in which
fresh concrete id poured only to harden
it subsequently.
Members :- ledger, wooden planks /
steel plates,
Nuts and bolts of subsequent sizes,
steel/wooden post .

Method :- As it has to hold the

framework of steel and concrete they
tightened by nuts and bolts to provide
the strength till curing is completed.
At certain places were wood can’t Formwork when laid with timber the joints
provide the strength steel post are used can be out of nut and bolts and either a
with coupling method which comes in nailed joints .
different size as for the stand. Shuttering is always provided with nut and
Because if timber or any other wood bolts.
product if used the material wastage is
high and joining with nails are unsafe
as it may tend to tear the wooden post.
SHORING

shoring is the construction of a

temporary structure to support
temporarily an unsafe structure. these
support walls laterally. they can be used
under the following circumstances:
1.when walls bulge out
2.when walls crack due to unequal
settlement of foundation and repairs are
to be carried out to the cracked wall.
3.when an adjacent structure needs
pulling down.
4.when openings are to be newly made or
enlarged in a wall. If timber is used for
Members :- same as that of formwork support then certain
and scaffolding. additional members are
Method :- in this system all joints are nut made out of timber like
and bolted ad steel post rackers are needle cleat wall plate for
provided with steel plate at the base so proper anchoring and
that due to load the post would not sunk locking of members.
in the ground
TIMBERING TO TRENCHES

When the depth of trench is large, or

when the sub-soil is loose, the sides of
the trench may cave in. Timbering of
trenches, sometimes also known as
shoring consists of providing timber
planks or boards and struts to give
temporary support to the sides of the
trench. The joinery of timer in trenches
is temporary so it is done by nailing.
Timbering of deep trenches can be done
with the help of the following methods:
1. Stay bracing.
2. Box sheeting
3. Vertical sheeting
4. Runner system
5. Sheet piling