Steam Turbine

• A turbine is a device that converts thermal energy into mechanical

energy , specifically when a rotor of multiple blades or vanes is
driven by the movement of a fluid or gas.
• Steam turbine converts kinetic energy to mechanical energy.
Parts of Steam Turbine
• ROTOR The rotor is the rotating part of the Turbine. The
blading serves for converting the thermal energy of the steam
into mechanical energy. Rotors are made of forging of alloy
steel material. The moving blades are mounted in the grooves
made on the rotor.
• CASING The turbine casing is made of cast steel and is split
horizontally, the joint being level with the rotor axis. The
turbine casing houses and supports the turbine rotor,
labyrinth seals, and bearings. The casing is cast in two halves
and bolted together with a metal to metal fit.
• EXHAUST HOOD The exhaust hood is the portion of the
casing, which collects and delivers the exhaust steam to the
condenser or exhaust pipe.
• STEAM CHEST The steam chest, located on the forward, upper
half of the HP turbine casing, houses the throttle valve
assembly. This is the area of the turbine where main steam
first enters the turbine. The throttle valve assembly regulates
the amount of steam entering the turbine. After passing
through the throttle valve, steam enters the nozzle block.
• CARRIERS / DIAPHRAGM The diaphragm is fixed to the
cylinder casing contains the fixed nozzles and serves to
confine the steam flow to the moving nozzles fitted on the
rotor.
• BEARINGS In order to support the weight of the turbine and
to maintain radial and axial alignment, two different types of
bearings are used.
• COUPLING Transmits the torque from the turbines to the reduction
gears. The flexible couplings are designed so that any thrust created
in the turbines will not be transmitted to the reduction gears. They
also allow for slight radial misalignment and provide a means of
disconnecting the turbines from the main reduction gears.
• GLANDS / SHAFT SEALS The shaft seal on a turbine rotor consist of a
series of ridges and grooves around the rotor and its housing which
present a long, tortuous path for any steam leakage through the
seal.
• CONTROL VALVES The control valves regulate the amount of steam
flowing to the turbine according to the load. The cones of control
valves are suspended from a beam. The beam is supported by two
spindles which are raised and lowered through a system of levers by
a servomotor arranged adjacent to the valves. The hanging distance
of each control valve is adjusted with reference to its valve seat on
the beam, so that when the beam is lifted, the valves open in a
sequence and the steam is admitted progressively to the various
nozzle groups.
• SERVO MOTOR Servo motor is an activating mechanism for
operating control valves of a steam turbine. It mainly consists
of two cylinders
• A) Power cylinder B) Pilot valve
• GOVERNING SYSTEM The most important and vital part of the
steam turbine is governing system. The main purpose of the
governing system is to maintain
- Constant speed at variable loads.
- Constant speed at varying steam inlet parameters.
- Constant speed at varying extractions and exhaust steam
- Parameters / Conditions
Classification of Steam Turbine
• Based on Blading Design
1. Impulse Turbine
2. Reaction Turbine

• Based on Application
1. Utility turbines
2. Industrial turbines
3. Nuclear turbines
4. Marine turbines
IMPULSE TURBINE
• If steam at high pressure is allowed to expand through stationary
nozzles, the result will be a drop in the steam pressure and an
increase in steam velocity. In fact, the steam will issue from the
nozzle in the form of a high-speed jet. If this high steam is applied to
a properly shaped turbine blade, it will change in direction due to
the shape of the blade. The effect of this change in direction of the
steam flow will be to produce an impulse force, on the blade causing
it to move. If the blade is attached to the rotor of a turbine, then the
rotor will revolve. Force applied to the blade is developed by causing
the steam to change direction of flow (Newton’s 2nd Law – change
of momentum). The change of momentum produces the impulse
force. The fact that the pressure does not drop across the moving
blades is the distinguishing feature of the impulse turbine. The
pressure at the inlet to the moving blades is the same as the
pressure at the outlet from the moving blades
THE REACTION TURBINE
• A reaction turbine has rows of
fixed blades alternating with rows
of moving blades. The steam
expands first in the stationary or
fixed blades where it gains some
velocity as it drops in pressure. It
then enters the moving blades
where its direction of flow is
changed thus producing an
impulse force on the moving
blades. In addition, however, the
steam upon passing through the
moving blades again expands and
further drops in pressure giving a
reaction force to the blades. This
sequence is repeated as the
steam passes through additional
rows of fixed and moving blades.
Range of Steam Turbines by
BHEL-Hyderabad
 Extraction ( E series )
 Back Pressure ( G series )
 High pressure ( H series )
 ECM Rotor ( M series )
 Condensing ( K series )
 Low pressure ( N series )
 Double flow ( W series )
 Extraction Back Pressure ( EG series )
 Extraction Condensing ( EK series )
 Back pressure turbines ( HG series )
 Double flow condensing (WK series )
Types of Turbines
• H-turbine is a single-flow, full-arc admission machine. The
steam enters through one combined control and stop valve.
The H-turbine casing uses the proven barrel-type design,
which does not have horizontal flanges at the outer casing to
ensure a homogenous distribution of the forces regarding
main steam pressure and thermal load.
• E-turbine design consists of a single flow intermediate
pressure (IP) section and a single flow low pressure (LP)
section combined in one cylinder. It is designed as a straight
flow machine with a double shell casing (inner and outer
casing), which can stand temperatures up to 600°C.
• K-turbine is a combined HP/IP module. It is a compact, double shell design with
horizontally-split inner and outer casings. The cast inner casing is centered within
the cast outer casing via support brackets. This design minimizes the differential
expansion between rotor and casing to prevent from any changes in turbine
alignment. The main steam is admitted close to the center of the combined
HP/IP turbine through a thermal sleeve. After passing the HP blading the steam
is routed into the reheater. The steam re-enters the IP-section of the K-turbine
again close to the center of the machine and then flows towards the LP turbine.
A spring-backed shaft gland seal separates the two single-flow HP and IP
expansion sections.
• N-Turbine is a double-flow LP turbine. The turbine section consists of a welded
inner and outer casing. The horizontally-split inner casing includes the admission
section with stationary blade carriers. Again, the design has been optimized to
minimize the impact of thermal expansion on the sealing arrangements. The
inner casing is provided with the support arms and a thrust rod connection to
the outer casing of the K-turbine. These thrust rods cause the LP inner casing to
be displaced towards the generator, allowing it to follow thermal expansion of
the shaft. The exhaust diffuser of the N-turbine has been carefully optimized by
means of extensive fluid analyses in order to improve turbine efficiency.
Thank You