Switching Digital

Sukiswo
sukiswok@yahoo.com

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Space Switching

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Time Switching

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Space Switching

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Space Switching

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Time Switching

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Time Switching

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Switching TST
 Digital switches are composed of time and space switches
in any order or in time switches only.
 We use the letter T to designate a time-switching stage and
use S to designate a space-switching stage.
 For instance, a switch that consists of a sequence of a time-
switching stage, a space-switching stage, and a time
switching stage is called a TST switch.
 A switch consisting of a space-switching stage, a time-
switching stage, and a space-switching stage is designated
an STS switch.
 There are other combinations of T and S. The ATT No. 4
ESS switch is an example. It is a TSSSST switch.

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Switching TST
 Figure 9.5 illustrates the time–space–time (TST) concept.
 The first stage of the switch is the time-slot interchanger
(TSI) or time stages that interchange time slots (in the time
domain) between external incoming digital channels and
the subsequent space stage.
 The space stage provides connectivity between time stages
at the input and output. It is a multiplier of call-handling
capacity. The multiplier is either the value for M or value
for N, whichever is smaller.
 We also saw earlier that space-stage time slots need not
have any relation to either external incoming or outgoing
time slots regarding number, numbering, or position.
 For instance, incoming time slot 4 can be connected to
outgoing time slot 19 via space network time slot 8.
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Switching TST

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Switching TST
 If the space stage of a TST switch is nonblocking,
blocking in the overall switch occurs if there is no
internal space-stage time slot during which the
link from the inlet time stage and the link to the
outlet time stage are both idle.
 The blocking probability can be minimized if the
number of space-stage time slots is large. A TST
switch is strictly non blocking if
l = 2c − 1
 where l is the number of space-stage time slots
and c is the number of external TDM time slots

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Switching STS
 A space–time–space (STS) switch reverses the architecture
of a TST switch.
 The STS switch consists of a space cross-point matrix at
the input followed by an array of time-slot interchangers
whose ports feed another cross-point matrix at the output.
Such a switch is shown in Figure 9.6.
 Consider this operational example with an STS. Suppose
that an incoming time slot 5 on port No. 1 must be
connected to an output slot 12 at outgoing port 4. This can
be accomplished by time-slot interchanger No. 1 which
would switch it to time slot 12; then the outgoing space
stage would place that on outgoing trunk No. 4.
 Alternatively, time slot 5 could be placed at the input of
TSI No. 4 by the incoming space switch where it would be
switched to time slot 12, thence out port No. 4.
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Switching STS

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TST Compared to STS
 Both TST and STS switches can be designed with identical
call-carrying capacities and blocking probabilities.
 It can be shown that a direct one-to-one mapping exists
between time-division and space-division networks.
 The architecture of TST switching is more complex than
STS switching with space concentration.
 The TST switch becomes more cost-effective because time
expansion can be achieved at less cost than space
expansion. Such expansion is required as link utilization
increases because less concentration is acceptable as
utilization increases.

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TST Compared to STS
 It would follow, then, that TST switches have a
distinct implementation advantage over STS
switches when a large amount of traffic must be
handled.
 Bellamy states that for small switches STS is
favored due to reduced implementation
complexities.
 The choice of a particular switch architecture may
be more dependent on such factors as modularity,
testability, and expandability.
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TST Compared to STS
 One consideration that generally favors an STS
implementation is the relatively simpler control
requirements.
 However, for large switches with heavy traffic
loads, the implementation advantage of the TST
switch and its derivative is dominant.
 A typical large switch is the Lucent (previously
AT&T) 4ESS, which has a TSSSST architecture
and has the capability of terminating 107,520
trunks with a blocking probability of 0.5% and
channel occupancy of 0.7.
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