3

MAKEUP OF A PROTEIN ENZYME

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ENZYME STRUCTURE

8
9
ENZYME-SUBSTRATE INTERACTIONS

10
Paula B. Matheus Carnevali
MICROBIAL NUTRITION

: required in large
quantities; play principal roles in cell
structure & metabolism,
 proteins, carbohydrates.
or :
required in small amounts; involved in
enzyme function & maintenance of protein
structure.
 manganese, zinc, nickel. 12
13
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF
CYTOPLASM:

14
OBTAINING CARBON

Most autotrophic bacteria can synthesize their food from

substances like hydrogen sulphide. This process is called
chemosynthesis and involves the use of chemical
substances for the production of energy.
16
METABOLISM COMPOSED OF CATABOLIC
AND ANABOLIC REACTIONS

Figure 5.1
 CARBON
ENERGY SOURCE
SOURCE
photoautotrophs CO2 sunlight
chemoautotrophs CO2 Simple inorganic
chemicals
photoheterotrophs organic sunlight
chemoheterotrophs organic Metabolizing organic
cpds

19
OXIDATION-REDUCTION REACTIONS OR
REDOX REACTIONS

Figure 5.2
MACRONUTRIENTS: REQUIRED IN LARGE AMOUNTS
NITROGEN

23
OXYGEN

24
HYDROGEN

25
PHOSPHOROUS

26
SULFUR

27
28
MICRONUTRIENTS:
• required in lesser,
sometimes trace
amounts
• not every element is
required by all cells

is the
regulation of gene
expression in response to
fluctuations in cell-
population density.
Quorum sensing bacteria
produce and release
chemical signal molecules
called that
increase in concentration
as a function of cell
density.
 : decompose dead
organisms, recycle
elements, release enzymes
to digest materials,
utilize tissues
and fluids of a living host
and cause harm.

33
 • Liquid (broth) vs. semisolid media
– Liquid medium
• Components are dissolved in water and sterilized
– Semisolid medium
• A medium to which has been added a gelling agent
• Agar (most commonly used)
• Gelatin
• Silica gel (used when a non-organic gelling agent is
required)
• agar – polysaccharide derived from algae
• forms a gel at temperatures of interest, including 37ºC
• not many microorganisms can degrade it
• widely used as solidifying agent in microbial media
• Chemically defined vs. complex media
– Chemically defined media
• The exact chemical composition is known
• Made from purified chemicals
• e.g. minimal media used in bacterial genetics
experiments, glucose-mineral salts broth
defined undefined
40
From Prescott et al,, 2005
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45
 NO3-
NO3-
NO3- NO3-
NO3-
NO3-
47
48
49
50
 Light energy

Phototrophs (photosynthesis), Chemolitotrophs

Chemical energy

Carbon source for Chemoheterotrophs

Photolithoautotrophs and Chemolithoautotrophs

transform CO2 into biological molecules
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SAPROBES

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 : lowest temperature that permits a
microbe’s growth and metabolism,
: highest temperature that permits a
microbe’s growth and metabolism,
: promotes the fastest rate of growth
and metabolism.

81
 Optimum
temperature below 15oC, capable
of growth at 0oC,
Optimum
temperature 20o-40oC, most human
pathogens,
Optimum
temperature greater than 45oC.
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