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ACOUSTICAL MATERIALS /

FIREPROOFING MATERIALS
ACOUSTICAL MATERIALS
ACOUSTICS

Acoustics is the interdisciplinary science that deals with the study of all mechanical waves in gases, liquids, and solids
including vibration, sound, ultrasound and infrasound.
A scientist who works in the field of acoustics is an acoustician while someone working in the field of acoustics
technology may be called an acoustical engineer.
The application of acoustics is present in almost all aspects of modern society with the most obvious being the audio
and noise control industries.
The word "acoustic" is derived from the Greek word meaning "of or for hearing, ready to hear"
The study of acoustics revolves around the generation, propagation and reception of mechanical waves and
vibrations.
INTRODUCTION TO ACOUSTICAL MATERIALS

All building materials are in a way acoustical, because all affect the manner in which sound is reflected, absorbed, or
transmitted.
This includes both the most common materials and a great many products – some common, other not so common – that are
perceived to be acoustical.
It also includes a number of special devices, whose purpose is strictly Acoustical.
Stating sound upon striking the boundary of a room, is partially reflected, partially absorbed, and partially transmitted to the
next room.
All three events are acoustical yet their effect on the built environment is very different.
The first two processes- reflection and absorption- are mutually exclusive, and they both fall in the realm of room acoustics.
By selecting the appropriate materials, sound can be sustained(reflected) or made to disappear(absorbed).
Of course, this happens in degrees, as no material is totally reflective or totally absorptive.
The third process, transmission( or its counterpart, attenuation) falls under the broad healing of sound isolation. The issue is not
how much sound is reflected or absorbed, but how much of it is allowed to pass through the materials of which the walls, floor,
and ceiling of a room are made.
Acoustical insulation, as mentioned means a material that absorbs sound. Isolation in contrast describes
a process-the process of reducing or attenuating noise or vibration.
the two acoustical processes, sound attenuation and sound absorption, are basic to an understanding of
how materials affect the acoustical environment.
It should understand the attenuation usually involves two or more spaces, one containing the source and
the other containing the receiver.
Absorption in contrast affects the acoustics of one room, which contains both the source and the receiver.
LIST OF ACOUSTIC MATERIALS

The materials mentioned below include a variety of products whose purpose is strictly acoustical or that are
commonly perceived as highly acoustical value.
Only the principle acoustic property of each material is discussed.
Unless otherwise noted, those that attenuate sound generally do not absorb sound, and those absorb sound do not
offer much attenuation.
This should be obvious since, in order to stop sound, a material must be solid, and in order to absorb, it typically
must be porous.
ACOUSTICAL DECK
An acoustical deck is usually made of perforated steel which is baked by an absorptive material such as fiberglass.
The term also includes decks made entirely of fibrous materials.
An acoustical deck absorb sound where its NRC ( noise reduction coefficient ) ranges from about 0.50 to as high as
0.90.
if exposed, as is usually intended, an acoustical deck can greatly reduce noise and reverberation in spaces such as
gymnasiums, factories and workshops.
ACOUSTICAL FOAM
Acoustical foam is one of a variety of cellular materials, usually made of polyurethane. Foams are manufactured either
with open cells or closed cells.
Open cell foams are excellent sound absorbers, provided they are sufficiently thick. The NRC ranges from0.25 for 6mm
foam to 0.90 and higher for 50mm or thicker foams. Their uses include paddling for upholstered theatre seats to
stabilise reverberation regardless of occupancy.
ADVANTAGES

• Reduce noise pollution


• Enhance sound quality
• Provides aesthetics, as can be found in variety of colors

DISADVANTAGES

Closed cell foams also absorb sound but less efficiently and less predictably. They are more often
applied to ringing surfaces, such as large metal plates, to provide damping.
Two significant issues with acoustical foams ae their combustability and the smoke they produce when
burned.
These issues should be reviewed with respect to the intended application, the applicable building
codes, and occupant safety
ACOUSTICAL MASONARY UNITS
Acoustical masonry units ( AMU’S ) like concrete
masonry units are distinguished by slots that are open
to units hollow cores.
They are designed to absorb sound by resonance.
The most effective AMU’S include, in addition to the
slots, specially designed metal Metal septa, fibrous fill
or both.
ACOUSTICAL PLASTER
Acoustical plaster is a plaster like product, distinguished by its porosity after it dries.
Acoustical plaster was intended to create jointless surfaces that absorb sound, which ordinary
plaster does not.
The performance of this plaster is highly dependent on the correct mix and application techniques.
NRC on the request of 0.60 have been acquired under controlled conditions, however field
establishments more often than not yield considerably less.
anyway the execution of some more current acoustical mortar items which notwithstanding a
porous covering incorporate a mineral fibre substrate, has turned out to be significantly more
steady and unsurprising.
ACOUSTICAL TILE
Acoustical tile is widely used ceiling material made of mineral fibres or fiberglass. It is available in a
variety of sizes from approximately 30x30cm to 61x122cm and larger.
Acoustical tile is usually suspended in a metal grid, though some types of tile can be glued or
otherwise attached to solid surfaces.
It is prone to damage when contacted and is therefore not recommended for surfaces, especially
walls, that is within human reach.
The original purpose was to absorb sound which to this day remains its principle function. NRC is 0.50
for the least efficient tile to 0.95 for the best.
Suspended tile provides more low frequency absorption than glued on tile. Membrane faced tiles
provide less high frequency absorption that those with porous faces. In general thicker the tile, the
better it absorbs.
DUCT LINING
Duct lining is one of a few materials that is literally an acoustic insulation. It is usually made of fiberglass and
comes in thickness from 133mm to 150mm.
the lining is mechanically fastened to the interior surfaces of sheet metal ventilation ducts. In high velocity ducts it
maybe faced with perforated metal to prevent erosion.
Ducts made of entirely fiberglass exhibit similar properties, but unlike metal ducts, fiberglass ducts, because that
are light, allow sound to break out into the surrounding space.
FIBERGLASS
Fiberglass, which is available in the form of batts, blankets, and boards, is an excellent sound absorber.
The manufacturing process ensures consistent porosity at a very fine scale.
Applications include a great many sound absorbing treatments, insulations and various applications in industrial noise
control.
Compressed blocks or sheets of fiberglass are also used to form resilient supports/hangers or as a joint filler where rigid
ties are to be avoided
The absorptivity of fiberglass depends on flow resistance which in turn, is affected by materials thickness, density and the
diameter of the fibres. For most applications, thickness is the most important parameter.
FIBROUS BATTS AND BLANKETS
Usually made of fiberglass or mineral fibre, fibrous batts and blankets with densities
ranging from 0.01kg/dm3 to 0.05kg/dm3 are amongst the most common forms of
acoustical thermal insulation in use today.
They observe two distinct acoustical purposes.
If exposed to the room, as a wall finish or as a ceiling finish, the batts or blankets absorb
sound and thus reduce reverberation in the room.
Performance which can be high as NRC 0.90 depends on the thickness and the properties
of facing.
FIBROUS BOARDS
Fibrous boards work much like batts and blankets but is of higher density, generally between 0.1kg/dm3
and 0.32kg/dm3.

These rigid or semirigid boards, especially those made of fiberglass, are excellent sound absorbers. They are
available with a variety of sound transparent facings, for use as wall or ceiling panels.

Ratings range from approximately NRC 0.75 for 25mm fiberglass board to NRC 0.90 for 50mm board. Less
porous or thinner boards, such as those made of compressed mineral fibre, are somewhat less absorptive
FIBROUS PLANK
Fibrous plank is a rigid material, usually made of coarse fibres, such as wood fibres, embedded in a cementitious
mix.
The structural properties of certain planks allow them to be used a roof decking.
The fibrous surface absorbs sound. Performance depends on the thickness and ranges from approximately NRC
0.40 for 25mm plank to NRC 0.65 for 75mm plank.
Performance is enhanced if the plank is furred out and the cavity behind the plank is filed with low density
fibreglass.
If exposed to the room, fibrous plank reduce noise and reverberation in the room.
FIBROUS SPRAY
Fibrous spray is any variety of sprayed on insulating materials, often specified for fireproofing and also thermal reasons.
Previously made of asbestos fibres, which are now known to be a health hazard, most contemporary sprays contain
cellulose or mineral fibres of various descriptions.
Fibrous spray is inherently porous and therefore absorptive.
However performance is highly dependent on thickness and application technique.
A well applied 25mm thickness may achieve or exceed NRC 0.60.
LOOSE INSULATION
Loose insulation, made of cellulose or mineral fibres, is similar to fibrous batts and blankets, except that it
can be blown or dumped in place. It serves much the same purpose as batts within a partition.

LAMINATED GLASS
Laminated glass is a sandwich of two or more sheets of glass with viscoelastic interlayers that
provide damping as the sandwich is flexed.
Laminated glass has proven to be an excellent barrier to noise.
It has a higher sound reduction index than monolithic glass of equal thickness between the
frequencies of 125Hz and 4,000Hz.
The shear damping performance of the PVB makes laminated glass an effective sound control
product.
This sound dampening is due to the low elastic property of the PVB interlayer.
FIRE PROOFING MATERIALS
Fireproofing is rendering something (structures, materials, etc.) resistant to
fire, or incombustible; or material for use in making anything fire-proof.

It is a passive fire protection measure.

Applying a certification listed fireproofing system to certain structures allows


them to have a fire-resistance rating.

The term "fireproofing" may be used in conjunction with standards, as reflected


in common North American construction specifications.

An item classed as fireproof is resistant in specified circumstances, and may burn or


be rendered inoperable by fire exceeding the intensity or duration that it is designed
to withstand.
MINERAL WOOL
Mineral wool is also known as mineral fiber, mineral cotton, mineral fibre, man-made mineral
fibre (MMMF), and man-made vitreous fiber (MMVF).

Specific mineral wool products are stone wool and slag wool. Europe also includes glass
wool which, together with ceramic fiber, are completely man-made fibers.

MANUFACTURE

Stone wool is a furnace product of molten rock at a temperature of about 1600 °C, through which a
stream of air or steam is blown.

More advanced production techniques are based on spinning molten rock in high-speed spinning heads
somewhat like the process used to produce cotton candy.

The final product is a mass of fine, intertwined fibres with a typical diameter of 2 to 6 micrometers.
Mineral wool may contain a binder, often a terpolymer, and an oil to reduce dusting.
USAGE

• Conducts heat as an individual fibre, but when pressed into rolls and sheets, they make an excellent
insulators and also sound absorbers.
• Used as filler in compounds, for gaskets, in brake pads , in plastics.
• Also used in reinforcing purposes in various applications, such as friction materials, and coatings.
GYPSUM BOARDS
Also known as Drywall , is a panel made of calcium sulfate dihydrate (gypsum), with or without
additives, typically extruded between thick sheets of facer and backer paper, utilized in the construction
of interior walls and ceilings.

The plaster is mixed with fiber (typically paper and/or fibreglass or asbestos), plasticizer, foaming
agent, and various additives that can decrease mildew, increase fire resistance, and lower water
absorption.
MANUFACTURE
A wallboard panel consists of a layer of gypsum
plaster sandwiched between two layers of paper. The
raw gypsum, CaSO4·2 H2O, is heated to drive off the
water then slightly rehydrated to produce the hemihydrate
of calcium sulfate (CaSO4·½ H2O).

The plaster is mixed with fibre (typically paper


and/or fibreglass), plasticizer, foaming agent, finely ground
gypsum crystal as an accelerator, EDTA, starch or
other chelate as a retarder, various additives that may
decrease mildew and increase fire resistance,
and wax emulsion or silanes for lower water absorption.
The board is then formed by sandwiching a core of the wet mixture between two sheets of heavy paper or
fibreglass mats.

When the core sets it is then dried in a large drying chamber, and the sandwich becomes rigid and strong
enough for use as a building material.

Drying chambers typically use natural gas today. To dry 1 MSF (1,000 square feet (93 m2)) of wallboard,
between 1,750,000 and 2,490,000 BTU (1,850,000 and 2,630,000 kJ) is required.

Organic dispersants are used so the slurry will flow during manufacture, and to reduce the water and hence the
drying time.
Coal-fired power stations include devices called scrubbers to remove sulphur from their exhaust emissions.

The sulphur is absorbed by powdered limestone in a process called flue-gas desulphurization (FGD), which
produces a number of new substances.

One is called "FGD gypsum". This is commonly used in drywall construction in the United States and elsewhere.
ASBESTOS CEMENT
A dense, rigid board containing a high percentage of asbe
stos fiber bonded with Portland cement; non-combustible;

used in sheet or corrugated sheathing.


The name fibro is short for "fibrous (or fibre) cement sheet", more commonly
called "asbestos cement sheet" or "AC sheet".

It is a building material in which asbestos fibres are used to reinforce thin rigid
cement sheets.

Asbestos-cement is a modern product, utilized mainly in industrial work due to


the plain surface and lack of stylistic elements on each sheet.
PERLITE BOARDS
Perlite Protect Board is a revolutionary thin
perlite board with a two-layer mesh integrated in
it.

The board produced for the first time in Europe is


characterized with amazing light weight,
strength, fire resistance, waterproofing and
soundproofing properties.

Its excellent characteristics make the product a


leader in its field mainly due to the following
properties:
• Environmentally friendly product
• Light and exceptionally strong
• Exceptional acoustic characteristics
• Waterproofing and fire resistance
• Thermal Insulation
• Easy to install
PROPLEX SHEETS
Proplex surface protection sheets are widely used to protect floors, walls, doors, windows and worktops during
renovation work

•Reusable heavy duty protection for floors, doors, walls, windows and worktops
•Lightweight twin-walled sheets which cushion against impact and avoid unnecessary damage
•Easily cut to size to suit any project
•Extremely flexible and easy to bend
•Fully waterproof
•Use as a heavy duty alternative to dust sheets when plastering or decorating
GROUP MEMBERS:
ARUPA RANI SAHU
GUNJAN KAUR BADESHA
SRUJITHA JONNALA
MEGHANA N.
SAI PAVAN

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