Report

Water Vapor

Hana Arisesa

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 Outline Report

1. Introduction
2. Importance of Water Vapor
3. Atmospheric Gases Composition
4. Green House Gases
5. Water Vapor Metrology
6. Waver Vapor Absorption
7. Vibration Molecule
8. Absorption Spectrum

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 Introduction of Water Vapor Report

Water Vapor, Water Vapour ….

- Third phase of water (gaseous state),
invisible gas, colorless, odorless,
tasteless.
- not plume of steam on a boiling
kettle
- forming from boiled water at a T of
100 C (212 F)
- Detection using electromagnetic eyes
of infra-red sensing.
- the most important greenhouse gas
in the atmosphere
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 Introduction of Water Vapor Report

90% of the Earth's natural greenhouse effect

Trapping more heat than carbon dioxide
The energy of the molecules known as the average speed of molecular
motion
Over 99% of the atmospheric moisture is in the form of water vapor

Responsible for about 50% of the transport of heat from the tropics to the poles

Water vapor can be produced from the evaporation or boiling of liquid water
or from the sublimation of ice

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 Introduction of Water Vapor Report

Evaporation: From liquid

to gas (water vapor).

Condensation: From gas

(water vapor) to liquid.

Freezing: From liquid to

solid (ice).

Melting: From solid to

liquid.
Deposition: From gas directly to
solid without becoming liquid.

Sublimation: From solid directly to gas

Latent heat is the energy that is required to change a substance The troposphere contains 75 percent
from one form to another of the atmosphere's mass
Water vapor varies by volume in the atmosphere from a trace,
or 0% to about 4%
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 Importance of Water Vapor Report

• Basic component in Ozone photochemical Processes

• Formation of Clouds > precipitation
• Green House gas > Radiation Budget
• Climate Model
• chemical reaction > hydroxyl radical (OH) > ozone & water vapor

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 Atmosphere Gases Composition Report

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 Green House Gases Report

CO2 H2O CH4 (Methane) N2O (Nitrous Oxide)

H H
C O C

C
C H
O
O

C
N N

Halocarbon O3

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 Water Vapor Metrology Report

Humidity and Relative Humidity both describe

the amount of water vapor in the air

Humidity refers to the amount of water vapor

in the air or atmosphere
Keep in mind that high indoor humidity
with very low outdoor temperatures can
cause condensation harmful to the home.
Icing on windows and sills indicates
excessive indoor humidity.

Relative Humidity : a comparison between

how much water vapor is in the air and
how much air could hold (at a given temp)
if it were fully saturated

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 Water Vapor Metrology Report

• Passive microwave sensors installed on polar orbiting platforms;

• Infrared sensors, which constitute the longest satellite record of water vapour
profiling and sounding instruments;
• Ultraviolet/visible/near-infrared imagers (daytime retrieval methods that use two
channels and provide high spatial resolution (~ 1 km));
• Limb sounding, the technique of sounding various layers of the atmosphere by
observation along a tangent ray that does not intersect the Earth’s surface;
• Radiosondes,
• Balloon-borne frost point hygrometers that use a cooled mirror, whose temperature
is carefully controlled at the frost point temperature;
• Ground-based instruments, which allow for semi-continuous probing of the air mass
over a fixed location;
• Various long-range commercial aircraft equipped with vapour sensors.

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 Water Vapor Metrology Report
Satellite images provide
global coverage, but their
vertical resolution in the
lower troposphere, where
water vapor is most
abundant, is poor compared
with that of ground-based
radiosondes systems.

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 Water Vapor Measurement Report
Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensor
on NASA's Aqua satellite Why is water vapor
concentrated on
Equator ?

Why is ocean does

not contain much
water vapor ?

https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/global-maps/MYDAL2_M_SKY_WV

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 Water Vapor Absorption Report

wave theory of radiation by the quantum theory

Wave

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 Water Vapor Absorption Report

In physics, absorption of electromagnetic radiation is the way in which the energy of a photon is taken up by matter,
typically the electrons of an atom. Thus, the electromagnetic energy is transformed into internal energy of the
absorber, for example thermal energy

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 Vibration Molecule Report

Water absorbs over a wide range of electromagnetic radiation

Microwave region (≈ 1 mm - 10 cm wavelength)
and far-infrared (≈ 10 µm - 1 mm)
rotational transitions and intermolecular vibrations
infrared (≈ 1 µ- 10 µ)
intramolecular vibrational transitions
Energy level diagram atom
ultraviolet region (< 200 nm).

electronic transitions

Energy level diagram molecule more complicated than atom Narrow

Band
Molecule > Spread in
wideband frequency

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 Absorption Spectrum Report

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 Absorption Spectrum Report

Visible light absorption spectrum of pure water

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 Absorption Spectrum Report
Understanding and measuring the absorption of electromagnetic radiation has a variety of applications
In meteorology and climatology, global and local temperatures depend in part on the absorption of radiation by
atmospheric gases (such as in the greenhouse effect) and land and ocean surfaces (see albedo).

In medicine, X-rays are absorbed to different extents by different tissues (bone in particular), which is the basis for X-ray
imaging. For example, see computation of radio wave attenuation in the atmosphere used in satellite link design.

In chemistry and materials science, because different materials and molecules will absorb radiation to different extents at
different frequencies, which allows for material identification.

In optics, sunglasses, colored filters, dyes, and other such materials are designed specifically with respect to which visible
wavelengths they absorb, and in what proportions.

In biology, photosynthetic organisms require that light of the appropriate wavelengths be absorbed within the active area of
chloroplasts, so that the light energy can be converted into chemical energy within sugars and other molecules.

In physics, the D-region of Earth's ionosphere is known to significantly absorb radio signals that fall within the high-
frequency electromagnetic spectrum.

In nuclear physics, absorption of nuclear radiations can be used for measuring the fluid levels, densitometry or thickness
measurements

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 Report

Thank You

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