c h a p t e r

8
TELECOMMUNICATIONS
AND NETWORKS
 LEARNING OBJECTIVES

• DESCRIBE COMPONENTS OF
TELECOMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM
• CALCULATE CAPACITY OF
TELECOMMUNICATIONS CHANNELS
& EVALUATE TRANSMISSION MEDIA
• COMPARE TYPES OF
NETWORKS &
NETWORK SERVICES
*
 LEARNING OBJECTIVES

• COMPARE ALTERNATIVE NETWORK

SERVICES
• IDENTIFY APPLICATIONS FOR
SUPPORTING ELECTRONIC
COMMERCE, BUSINESS
*
 MANAGEMENT CHALLENGES

• TELECOMMUNICATIONS REVOLUTION
• COMPONENTS, FUNCTIONS OF
TELECOMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM
• COMMUNICATIONS NETWORKS
• ELECTRONIC COMMERCE &
ELECTRONIC BUSINESS TECHNOLOGIES
*
 MANAGEMENT CHALLENGES

1. MANAGING LOCAL AREA NETWORKS:

Must be carefully administered,
monitored, vulnerable to interruption, data
loss, viruses
2. MANAGING BANDWIDTH: While costs per
unit are dropping and capacity is growing,
sudden demand can overwhelm system

*
 TELECOMMUNICATIONS

COMMUNICATING INFORMATION
VIA ELECTRONIC MEANS
OVER SOME DISTANCE
*
 INFORMATION SUPERHIGHWAY

NATIONAL / WORLDWIDE
HIGH SPEED
DIGITAL TELECOMMUNICATIONS
ACCESSIBLE BY GENERAL PUBLIC
*

© 2002 by Prentice Hall

 SYSTEM COMPONENTS
• COMPUTERS
• TERMINALS: Input / output devices
• COMMUNICATIONS CHANNELS
• PROCESSORS: Modems, multiplexers,
front-end processors
• COMMUNICATIONS
SOFTWARE
*
 PROTOCOL

RULES & PROCEDURES

TO GOVERN TRANSMISSION
BETWEEN COMPONENTS
IN A NETWORK

*
 ANALOG SIGNAL
• CONTINUOUS WAVEFORM
• PASSES THRU SYSTEM
• VOICE COMMUNICATIONS
*

© 2002 by Prentice Hall

 DIGITAL SIGNAL
• DISCRETE WAVEFORM
• TWO DISCRETE STATES:
– 1-BIT & 0-BIT
– ON / OFF PULSE
• DATA COMMUNICATION
• USES MODEM TO TRANSLATE
ANALOG TO DIGITAL, DIGITAL TO
ANALOG
001011101001110100101010111011110010001000010111101011010
*
 COMMUNICATION CHANNELS

MEANS BY WHICH DATA ARE

TRANSMITTED:
• TWISTED WIRES: Copper Wires
• COAXIAL CABLE: Insulated Copper
Wires
• FIBER-OPTIC CABLE
• MICROWAVE
*
© 2002 by Prentice Hall
 FIBER OPTICS
• SUPER CLEAR GLASS STRANDS
• FAST, LIGHT, DURABLE
• TRILLIONS OF BITS PER SECOND, FULL
DUPLEX
• EXPENSIVE, HARDER TO INSTALL
• OFTEN USED AS BACKBONE OF
NETWORKS
SIGNAL LASER
*
CABLE
PHOTO
SIGNAL
DETECTOR
 FIBER OPTICS
• BACKBONE: Fiber optics cable carries
light signals to distribution nodes, which
use copper wires to user
• DENSE WAVE DIVISION MULTIPLEXING
(DWDM): Next-generation, uses many
colors, (up to 160) each a channel,
increases capacity of a fiber to 6.4 terabits
per second
*
 WIRELESS TRANSMISSION
TECHNOLOGIES

• PAGERS: Small pager beeps when

receives short message
• CELLULAR TELEPHONE: Device
uses radio waves to reach antennas
within areas called cells
• MOBILE DATA NETWORKS: Radio -
based data network using hand-held
computers, cheap, efficient
*
 WIRELESS TRANSMISSION
TECHNOLOGIES
• PERSONAL COMMUNICATION SERVICE:
Cellular; lower power; higher frequency.
Smaller phones not shielded by buildings,
tunnels
• PERSONAL DIGITAL ASSISTANT:
Pen sized, hand-held, digital
communicator
• SMART PHONE: Wireless, voice, text,
Internet
*
ORBITING SATELLITES

MICROWAVE
TRANSMISSION

UPLINK
DOWNLINK
 COMMUNICATIONS CHANNELS

• TRANSMISSION SPEED: Bits per

Second (BPS) or Baud
• BANDWIDTH: Capacity of Channel;
Difference between Highest & Lowest
Frequencies
*
 SPEEDS & COST OF MEDIA
MEDIUM SPEED COST
TWISTED WIRE 300 BPS - 10 MBPS LOW

MICROWAVE 256 KBPS - 100 MBPS

SATELLITE 256 KBPS - 100 MBPS

COAXIAL CABLE 56 KBPS - 200 MBPS

FIBER OPTICS 500 KBPS - 6.4 TBPS HIGH

BPS: BITS PER SECOND
KBPS: KILOBITS PS, MBPS: MEGABITS PS,
GBPS: GIGABITS PS, TBPS: TERABITS PS
 COMMUNICATIONS PROCESSORS

• FRONT- END PROCESSOR: Minicomputer

manages communication for host computer
• CONCENTRATOR: Computer collects
messages for batch transmission to host
computer
• CONTROLLER: Computer controls interface
between CPU and peripheral devices
• MULTIPLEXER: Allows channel to carry
multiple sources
simultaneously
*
 NETWORK TOPOLOGIES

USER

USER HOST USER

USER
STAR
 NETWORK TOPOLOGIES

USER USER USER

USER USER USER

BUS
 NETWORK TOPOLOGIES

USER

USER USER

USER
RING
 LOCAL NETWORKS
• PRIVATE BRANCH EXCHANGE (PBX):
firm’s central switching system
• LOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN): dedicated
channels; limited distance (less than 2000
foot radius); higher capacity than PBX.
Can share expensive hardware & software
*
 LOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN)
• GATEWAY: Connection to other networks
• ROUTER: Forwards data to other networks
• NETWORK OPERATING SYSTEM (NOS):
Manages file server; routes communications
on network
• PEER - TO - PEER: In some small networks all
computers have equal power
*
 WIDE - AREA NETWORK (WAN)
Network spans large geographic
distances. Can include cable,
satellite, microwave
• SWITCHED LINES:
Route determined by
current traffic
• DEDICATED LINES: Constantly
available for high-volume traffic
*
 VALUE-ADDED NETWORK
(VAN)
• PRIVATE, MULTIPATH, DATA ONLY
• 3rd PARTY MANAGED
• USED BY SEVERAL ORGANIZATIONS
• SUBSCRIPTION BASIS
*
 NETWORK SERVICES
• PACKET SWITCHING
• FRAME RELAY
• ASYNCHRONOUS TRANSFER MODE (ATM)
• INTEGRATED SERVICES DIGITAL
NETWORK (ISDN)
• SYMMETRIC DIGITAL SUBSCRIBER LINE
• CABLE MODEM
• T1 LINE
*
 PACKET SWITCHING (X.25)

• FORM OF Value Added Network

• BREAKS DATA BLOCKS INTO
SMALL PACKETS (e.g.: 128 Bytes)
• PACKETS ROUTED BY MOST
ECONOMICAL MEANS
• REASSEMBLED AT DESTINATION
*
 FRAME RELAY

• PACKAGES DATA INTO BLOCKS

(FRAMES)
• HIGH-SPEED TRANSMISSION
• RELIABLE LINES
• NO ERROR-CORRECTION
ROUTINES
*
 ASYNCHRONOUS TRANSFER
MODE (ATM)
• CELL: 53 Groups of 8 Bytes Each
• USES FIBER OPTICS CABLE
• INDEPENDENT OF VENDOR
HARDWARE SPEEDS
• CAN TIE LAN TO WAN
*
INTEGRATED SERVICES DIGITAL
NETWORK (ISDN)
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD FOR
TRANSMITTING VOICE, VIDEO, DATA
OVER PUBLIC TELEPHONE LINES
*
OTHER SERVICES:

• DIGITAL SUBSCRIBER LINE (DSL):

enhancing capacity over copper
telephone lines
• CABLE MODEM: modem for cable TV
for high-speed access to Internet
• T1 LINE: dedicated telephone
connection, 24 channels @ 1.544
megabits per second
*
OTHER SERVICES:

• BROADBAND: High-speed
transmission, multiple channels
• NETWORK CONVERGENCE: Enables
simultaneous transmission of voice,
data, video. Attractive for multimedia
applications: Video collaboration,
voice-data call centers, distance
learning, unified messaging
*
 E-COMMERCE &
E-BUSINESS TECHNOLOGIES
• ELECTRONIC MAIL (e-mail)
• GROUPWARE
• VOICE MAIL
• FACSIMILE MACHINES (fax)
• TELECONFERENCING
• DATACONFERENCING
• VIDEOCONFERENCING

*
 E-COMMERCE &
E-BUSINESS TECHNOLOGIES
• DIGITAL INFORMATION SERVICES:
Commercial service provides desired mix
• DISTANCE LEARNING: Education, training
delivered over a distance, can include
printed material,
teleconferencing, interactive
multimedia, Web sites
*
COMMERCIAL DIGITAL INFORMATION
SERVICES
PROVIDER TYPE OF SERVICE

AMERICA ONLINE General interest / business information

PRODIGY General interest / business information

MICROSOFT NETWORK General interest / business information

DOW JONES NEWS RETRIEVAL Business / financial information

DIALOG Business / scientific / technical information

LEXIS Legal research

NEXIS News / business information

ELECTRONIC DATA INTERCHANGE
(EDI)
COMPUTER - TO - COMPUTER
EXCHANGE BETWEEN TWO
ORGANIZATIONS
OF STANDARD BUSINESS
TRANSACTION DOCUMENTS
SELLER CUSTOMER
*
ORDERS, PAYMENTS

COMPUTER SHIPPING NOTICES, PRICE COMPUTER

UPDATES, INVOICES
c h a p t e r

8
TELECOMMUNICATIONS
AND NETWORKS