Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
of
Organic Compounds
2009
Organic Analysis
Organic chemists regularly needs to identify the
compounds that are formed in chemical reactions or
isolated from natural sources.
In order to identify an unknown organic compound
you must first find which functional groups it
contains and then determining its molecular and
three-dimensional structure.
Chemical and Spectroscopic methods are used by
organic chemists to determining the molecular and
three-dimensional structure of any unknown sample.
As a result of the advance developments of the
spectroscopic and analytical methods, the chemical
methods of identification of unknown organic
compounds in no longer existed. However; the chemical
methods are still used as important way to enhance the
students laboratory skills as well as to improve the
students understanding of many different aspects of
organic chemistry.
In this course you will have the opportunities to learn and
use the techniques of organic qualitative analysis while
determining the identity
of sample compounds whose identities are unknown to
you
Chemical Analyses (CA)
C.A. are generally divided into two broad categories
Jar
solvent
Pure Impure
sample sample
Pure Sample Impure Sample
Needs purification
Physical state
Distillation
Solubility class
Chromatography
Elemental Analysis
Recrystalization
Functional group test
Sublimation
Synthesis of derivatives
Physical Appearance
The physical appearance of an unknown will be
your first datum in the search to discover its identity
Simply knowing that the compound is a solid rather
than a liquid at room temperature narrows the search
considerably.
A few solids have characteristic bright colors
that may be of great significance in reaching a final
answer
The color of a liquid sample must be interpreted
more cautiously, because many liquid compounds
oxidize when they are stored for a long time.
Colour: Many liquid and solid organic compounds are
coloured. They are coloured because of the presence of
chromophoric groups in the molecules.
Chromophore :A chemical group capable of selective
light absorption resulting in the coloration of certain
organic compounds. Chromophores are generally groups
of atoms having delocalized electrons. For example;
C=N, C=S, NO2, N=N,
C, H, O, N, S, X NaX
NaCN
Na2S
NaCNS
CLASSIFICATION TESTS FOR
FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
Alkanes C-C
Alkenes C=C
Alkynes C≡C
Aromatics C=C
Alkyl (1o, 2o, 3o) & Aryl Halides R-X
Alcohols (1o, 2o, 3o) R-OH
Aldehydes and Ketones C=O
Caraboxylic acids COOH
Amines 1, 2, 3 RN
Two common types of unsaturated compounds
are alkenes and alkynes characterised by the
carbon-carbon double and triple bond,
respectively. The two common qualitative
tests for unsaturation are the reactions of the
compounds with
(a) bromine in carbon tetrachloride
(b) potassium permanganate.
e.g.
Positive Test
Phenols give a brown colour or precipitate as a positive test.
iii) Sodium metal test: - A small piece of sodium metal
is added to the compound or its solution. Evolution
of hydrogen gas indicates the presence of –OH group
in the organic compound.
The test applies only to those alcohols soluble in the reagent (monofunctional
alcohols lower than hexyl and some polyfunctional alcohols).
Iodoform Test
Secondary alcohols with an adjacent methyl group are
oxidized to methyl ketones by iodine.
Identify Functional Groups
orange-red ppt
Tollens Test
O O
R C H + 2 Ag(NH3)2+ + 2 OH- - +
2 Ag + R C O + NH4 + NH3 + H2O
silver mirror
• Positive chromic acid test: may look brown rather than blue-
green ppt, but will be a change from orange
• Positive Tollens test: formation of silver mirror on side of
test tube.
• (Do NOT store test tube: possible explosion!)
• Clean silver mirror with 6M HNO3
Iodoform Test: test for methyl carbonyls
Iodoform Test
O O
CH3 C R' + 3 I2 + 4 NaOH Na+ -O C R + CHI 3 + 3 NaI + 3 H2O
DNP
Tollens
Chromic Acid
Iodoform
Amines Hinsberg Test
dissolves in base and precipitates from acid is (+) test