DRAINAGE

1
 Outline

I. Introduction
II. Classification of Drainage System
III. Drawings
IV. Upgrading of Drainage Design
V. Drainage Design
VI. Sample Problem

2
 I. INTRODUCTION

Water is often the cause of highway destruction.

Highway drainage’s prime objective is to maintain all parts

of it in an excellent drainage condition.

Another objective of highway drainage is to prevent traffic

congestion and slip accidents caused by the flooding of
water on road surface.

3
 DRAINAGE

A good drainage system refers to collection, conveyance,

removal and disposal of water running the surface, the water
coming as precipitation in the form of rainwater.

4
 II. CLASSIFICATION OF DRAINAGE SYSTEM

A. Surface Drainage

Drainage of surface water produced by rainfall on roadway

and from areas other than the right of way.

B. Subsurface Drainage

Intends to reduce groundwater level .

It should be installed under the shoulder of the cut section to

prevent the seepage water from penetrating into the
subgrade and/or to lower the water table, in principle

5
A. TYPES OF SURFACE DRAINAGE

1. Road Surface Drainage System

a. Shoulder Drainage System

 Installed to collect and drain the rainwater falling on the

surface of the road. The system consists of the flow cross
section composed of the shoulder width and outfall curb or
side ditches place along the longitudinal edge of the shoulder
.

6
b. Shoulder Drainage for Embankment Section

Vertical ditches should be installed at:

 Where the run-off volume on the shoulder or in the shoulder
side ditch is equal to the allowable capacities of those
facilities.

 Where the longitudinal gradient of the shoulder or the

shoulder side ditch is a sag

 At the approaching point to or the leaving point from a bridge

7
8
 DRAINAGE DESIGN

c. Shoulder Drainage for Cut Section

To drain water running on the shoulder in cut section, catch basin

should be installed at:
 where the run-off volume on the shoulder is equal to
allowable capacities of the shoulder
 At the connection with vertical drainage system for cut
slopes and longitudinal pipes
 Where transverse or longitudinal underground drainage
pipes change their cross-sectional area
 Where the longitudinal gradient of shoulder is a sag
point

9
 d. Median Strip Drainage System

 They are installed to collect and remove water at the median strip
side, the water falling into the median strip and in curved sections,
the water coming from the road surface

10
2. Slope Surface Drainage System

 Installed at the shoulders and toes of the slope to prevent erosion and
scouring at the slope by surface water seepage

a. Slope shoulder drainage

 Water collected at the cut slope at the shoulder and berms should
be drained by vertical ditches installed along the outside of the
slope

11
b. Slope toe drainage

 It is generally dealt with the shoulder drainage of the

roadway and should be installed where seepage water
from the slope is abundant or where there exists a long
slope covered with shotcrete and without berms

c. Vertical drainage system

 It is installed to drain water in ditches at the slope

shoulder and berm. The system mainly consists of
ditches installed along the slope.

12
d. Slope berm drainage system

 It is installed to prevent water running on slope and seepage

water from eroding slope or from fracturing the surface layer
of the slope.
 The berm drainage system should be installed on every berm
as the standard
 This is not necessarily applied where there is little danger of
erosion of slope.
 At a berm where ditches are not installed, the berm should be
constructed to have a strip gradient at about 5% towards the
toe of the slope.

13
14
15
B. TYPES OF UNDERGROUND DRAINAGE

1. Underground Drainage System for Cut Section

 This is installed at the shoulder of the cut section to prevent

underground water from entering the subgrade and to lower the
underground water table

16
2. Underground Drainage System for Embankment Section

 It should be designed in relation to the embankment and

slopes, in compression/ settlement of embankment

3. Underground Drainage System for Median Strip

 It is installed to remove water penetrated into the median

strip if the surface of the median strip is covered with
impervious material.

17
4. Underground Drainage System for Transition

 It is installed to drain seepage water entering the

transition from embankment to cut or vice versa

18
Drawings:

19
20
21
22
23
24
Upgrade on DGCS

25
26
 Changes in coefficients. Ex. Lined smooth concrete before
was 0.012 now its 0.014

 Pipe network required. It is a detailed and careful scrutiny

of fluid flow thru hydraulic network containing
interconnected branches and loops. To determine the flow
rates and pressure drops

 Design analysis for inlet spacing required

27
28
 Drainage Design

 Hydrology Analysis Requirements

 Hydraulic Design Requirements

 Procedures for Selection of Culvert Size

29
 V. Drainage Design

• Planning and design of drainage facilities should

always be preceded by accurate field surveys. A field
survey should be conducted to have a clearer picture
of the topographical features of the project area than
what could be supplied by pertinent topographic
maps. When the survey is intended for the slope or
subsurface drainage , special attention should be given
to landslides, slope failure, erosion, ground cover, etc..

30
 Hydrology Analysis Requirements

 Determination of drainage areas by topographic maps or aerial

photographs; (A)
 Run-off coefficient according to the surface condition, slope,
soil nature and rainfall duration in the drainage area; (c )
 Rainfall intensity derived from the maximum rainfall for the
design storm frequency and the time of concentration; (I)
 Time of concentration required for run-off from the remotest
point of the drainage or catchment area to arrive at the outlet
point; (t)
 Determination of design run-off normally adopts the Rational
Method:
Q = 0.278 CIA 31
Design Discharge, Q
Design discharge calculations were made using the Rational Formula.

In English Units

Q = CIA

where: Q = design discharge in cu. ft. per sec. (cfs)

C = runoff coefficient
I = rainfall intensity in inches per hour (in./hr.)
A = catchment area in acres

In Metric Units

Q = CIA/360

where: Q = design discharge in cu. m. per sec. (cms)

C = runoff coefficient
I = rainfall intensity in millimeter per hour (mm./hr.)
A = catchment area in hectares

32
33
34
Sample Rainfall Intensity Duration Frequency Equations

35
 Hydraulic Design Requirements

 Design discharge Q (in cu.m./sec)

 Approximate length of culvert (in meter)
 Slope of culvert (in %)
 Allowable headwater depth (in meter), which is the vertical distance
from the culvert elevation (flow line) at the entrance to the surface
elevation permissible in the headwater pool or approach channel
upstream from the culvert
 Mean and maximum flood velocities in natural stream and allowable
outlet velocities if scour is a problem
 Type of culvert selected including barrel material, cross sectional
shape and entrance type.

36
 In Metric Units

2/3 1/2
V= 1/n R S

where: V = velocity in meter per second (mps)

n = Mannings’ coefficient of roughness
S = longitudinal slope
R = hydraulic radius
R = A/P
where : A = cross-sectional area of the flowing water
in square meter, taken at right angle to the
direction of flow.
wp = wetted perimeter or length in meter of the wetted
contact between a stream of water and its
containing channel, measured in a plane at right
angles to the direction of flow.

The discharge shall be calculated using the following equation.

Q = AV (Metric Units)
where:
Q = discharge in cu. m. per sec.
A = cross sectional area in sq.m.
V = velocity in m. per sec.
Manning’s Roughness coefficient

38
 References:

 DPWH Design Guidelines Criteria and Standards Vol II.

(Red Book)
 Design Guidelines Final Draft prepared by CARDNO

39
Sample Problem

40
WORKSHOP

41
42