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WHAT IS SCIENCE??
SCIENCE IS A SYSTEMATIC STUDY OF NATURE
AND HOW IT AFFECTS US AND OUR
ENVIRONMENT
HOW?
THROUGH CAREFUL OBSERVATIONS, STUDIES
AND INVESTIGATIONS BY SCIENTISTS
NATURAL
PHENOMENA
TORNADO
TSUNAMI
GROWTH OF
BABY INTO AN
ADULT
MELTING OF ICE
THUNDERSTORM
THE IMPORTANCE OF SCIENCE
Contributes to the area of engineering such as
construction of tall building
DONT’S IN THE
LABORATORY
DO NOT ENTER THE
LABORATORY
WITHOUT TEACHER’S
PERMISSION
FOOD AND DRINKS NOT
ALLOWED IN
LABORATORY
DO NOT PLAY IN
LABORATORY
DO NOT PERFORM
ANY EXPERIMENT
WITHOUT
TEACHER’S
PERMISSION
COMMON
LABORATORY
APPARATUS
TEST TUBE
CONTAINING SMALL
AMOUNT OF LIQUID
BEAKER
CONTAINING CHEMICAL
SUBSTANCES/COLLECTI
NG LIQUIDS
CONICAL
FLASK
CONTAINING CHEMICAL
SUBSTANCES/COLLECTI
NG LIQUIDS
MEASURING
CYLINDER
MEASURE VOLUME OF
LIQUID
(ACCURACY 1.0 CM3)
GAS JAR
COLLECTING GASES
FILTER
FUNNEL
SEPERATING AN
INSOLUBLE SOLID FROM
A LIQUID (USING FILTER
PAPER)
TRIPOD
STAND
SUPPORTING APPARATUS
DURING HEATING
RETORT
STAND
SUPPORTING APPARATUS
DURING EXPERIMENT
PIPETTE
MEASURE VERY
ACCURATELY A SPECIFIC
VOLUME OF LIQUID
BURETTE
MEASURE VOLUME OF
LIQUID
(ACCURACY 0.1 CM3)
TEST TUBE
HOLDER
TO HOLD TEST TUBE
DURING HEATING
PROCESS
TEST TUBE
RACK
TO HOLD TEST TUBES IN
AN UPRIGHT POSITION
HAZARD WARNING SYMBOL
POISONOUS / TOXIC
FLAMMABLE
CORROSIVE
EXPLOSIVE
HARMFUL
RADIOACTIVE
TEXT BOOK : PAGE 10
NOTE (13/1/2015)
INTRODUCTION TO SCIENCE
WHAT IS SCIENCE??
HOW?
THROUGH CAREFUL OBSERVATIONS, STUDIES AND INVESTIGATIONS BY
SCIENTISTS
NATURAL PHENOMENA
TORNADO
TSUNAMI
GROWTH OF BABY INTO AN ADULT
MELTING OF ICE
THUNDERSTORM
ARCHITECT
ENGINEER SCIENTIST
CAREERS
IN
SCIENCE
SCIENCE
GEOLOGIST
TEACHER
DOCTOR
1.2 A SCIENCE LABORATORY
GENERAL RULES AND SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
HOLD THE
MATCHSTICK NEAR
CLOSE THE AIR HOLE TURN ON THE GAS OPEN THE AIR HOLE
THE MOUTH OF THE
BARREL
1.3 PHYSICAL QUANTITIES AND THEIR UNITS
- Quantity that can be measured
LENGTH OF TABLE
SI UNIT???
MASS OF ONION
SI UNIT???
TEMPERATURE OF WATER
SI UNIT???
TIME
USING PREFIXES IN MEASUREMENTS
PREFIX VALUE STANDARD FORM SYMBOL
giga 1 000 000 000 109 G
mega 1 000 000 106 M
kilo 1 000 103 k
desi 0.1 10-1 D
senti 0.01 10-2 C
mili 0.001 10-3 m
mikro 0.000 001 10-6
nano 0.000 000 001 10-9 n
Examples:
4000 m = 4 x 1000 m
= 4 km
1
0.0015 m = 1.5 x m
1000
= 1.5 mm
1
0.25 m = 25 x m
100
= 25 cm
Examples:
4 0 0 0 m = 4 0 0 0 = 4 km
0.3 m = 0.3 = 30 cm
0.002 m = 0.0 0 2 = 2 mm
THE IMPORTANCE
OF SI UNITS IN LIFE
Inconsistencies of units used in daily life may
cause a lot of problem
Span
The Use Of Right Measuring Instruments
a) Measuring length
b) Measuring mass
Weighing scale
The Use Of Right Measuring Instruments
c) Measuring time
d) Measuring temperature
laboratory thermometer
clinical thermometer
= 2.78cm
10.00 + 0.02
= 10.02 cm
5.00 + 0.07
= 5.47 cm
Using Measuring Instruments With Higher Accuracy
a) Measuring length
- micrometer screw gauge
= 3.5 + 0.32
=3.82 mm
= 0.2 + 0.12
=0.32 mm
= 8.5 + 0.125
=8.625 mm
Using Measuring Instruments With Higher Accuracy
b) Measuring mass
- digital electronic balance
Using Measuring Instruments With Higher Accuracy
c) Measuring time
- digital stopwatch
Using Measuring Instruments With Higher Accuracy
d) Measuring temperature
- digital thermometer
Using Measuring Instruments With Higher Accuracy
e) Measuring electric current
- digital ammeter
MAKING AN ESTIMATION BEFORE TAKING THE ACTUAL MEASUREMENT
1) LENGTH ??
MAKING AN ESTIMATION BEFORE TAKING THE ACTUAL MEASUREMENT
LENGTH
Let say, length of pencil 4 cm
4
MAKING AN ESTIMATION BEFORE TAKING THE ACTUAL MEASUREMENT
= 27 cm2
2 cm
2 cm
2 cm
2 cm
Area = 17 x 4 cm2
= 68 cm2
MAKING AN ESTIMATION BEFORE TAKING THE ACTUAL MEASUREMENT
3) MASS??
What is the mass of a sheet of paper which is light and cannot be measured?
Mass of 100
sheets of
paper
= 500 gram
Mass of a sheet of paper??
MAKING AN ESTIMATION BEFORE TAKING THE ACTUAL MEASUREMENT
Using formula
MAKING AN ESTIMATION BEFORE TAKING THE ACTUAL MEASUREMENT
Volume of stone
= 260 – 200
= 60 cm 3
___cm3 VOLUME =
=
40 cm3
How to measure the
volume of LIGHT
object???
8 cm3
7 cm3 VOLUME = 8-7
= 1 cm3
4 cm3
TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATION IN MEASURING INSTRUMENTS
Digital
blood
pressure
Digital
heart
rate
1.5 DENSITY Why they float
easily??
Density of
water in the
Dead Sea is
extremely
high and can
make people
float easily
THE FORMULA OF DENSITY
density is mass per unit volume of the substance
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠
Density =
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
M
Unit = g/cm3 or kg/m3
D M V
EXAMPLE:
D M V
EXAMPLE:
𝑴𝒂𝒔𝒔
Density =
𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆
M
D M V
EXAMPLE:
𝑴𝒂𝒔𝒔
Density =
𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆
M
𝟑𝟎 𝒈
Density =
𝟏𝟎 𝒄𝒎𝟑
D M V
Density = 3 g/cm3
EXAMPLE 2:
A stone has a volume of 100 cm3 and its density is of 3 g/cm3. Find its mass.
EXAMPLE:
A stone has a volume of 100 cm3 and its density is of 3 g/cm3. Find its mass.
D M V
EXAMPLE:
A stone has a volume of 100 cm3 and its density is of 3 g/cm3. Find its mass.
D M V
EXAMPLE:
A stone has a volume of 100 cm3 and its density is of 3 g/cm3. Find its mass.
Marble is
more dense than
the water
MATERIAL DENSITY (g/cm3)
Gold 19.30
Lead 11.30
Copper 8.92
Aluminium 2.70
Ice 0.92
Cork 0.24
Mercury 13.60
Seawater 1.03
Pure water 1.00
Petrol 0.80
Gold
Mercury
Gold
Lead
Mercury
Gold
Copper
Lead
Mercury
Gold
Aluminium
Copper
Lead
Mercury
Gold
Seawater
Aluminium
Copper
Lead
Mercury
Gold
Pure water
Seawater
Aluminium
Copper
Lead
Mercury
Gold
Ice
Pure water
Seawater
Aluminium
Copper
Lead
Mercury
Gold
Petrol
Ice
Pure water
Seawater
Aluminium
Copper
Lead
Mercury
Gold
Cork
Petrol
Ice
Pure water
Seawater
Aluminium
Copper
Lead
Mercury
Gold
1.6 STEPS IN A SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION
1. IDENTIFYING THE PROBLEMS
2. CONSTRUCT A HYPOTHESIS
3. CONTROL VARIABLES
4. PLAN AN EXPERIMENT
5. CONDUCT THE EXPERIMENT
6. COLLECTING DATA
7. ANALYSE AND INTERPRET THE DATA
8. MAKE A CONCLUSION
9. WRITING A REPORT
1. IDENTIFYING THE PROBLEMS
B
A
1. IDENTIFYING THE PROBLEMS
2. CONSTRUCT A HYPOTHESIS
3. CONTROL VARIABLES
4. PLAN AN EXPERIMENT
5. CONDUCT THE EXPERIMENT
6. COLLECTING DATA
7. ANALYSE AND INTERPRET THE DATA
8. MAKE A CONCLUSION
9. WRITING A REPORT
One oscillation =
ACA
2. CONSTRUCT HYPOTHESIS
-
8. MAKING A CONCLUSION
2. CONSTRUCT HYPOTHESIS
- When the length of simple pendulum is
shortened, it will swing faster
3. CONTROLLING THE VARIABLES
- Control : weight of metal bob
- Manipulated : length of string
- Respond : time taken for 20
complete swings
8. MAKING A CONCLUSION
-- When the length of simple pendulum is
shortened, it will swing faster
SENSITIVITY
(page 18)
The ability of
measuring
instruments to
detect a small
change in the
measurement
quantity
ERROR
PARALLAX ZERO
ERROR ERROR
+0.02 mm -0.04 mm
EXAMPLE:
- 0.02 cm