NAME 429

Marine Engineering
 Course contents
•Pumps:
• Characteristics
• NPSH
• Head Calculation

• Refrigeration and air-conditioning

• Thermodynamics
• Principles
• Air-conditioning system for ships
• Heating and ventilating system

• Marine auxiliary machineries:

• Windlass, winches, cargo access equipment
• Steering gear: types and characteristics
• Pipe materials, piping systems and valves
• Steam traps,
• Anchors, anchor hawse, chains etc.
• Emergency systems
• Propeller, shaft and stern gear arrangement
 Pump: Introduction
 A pump is a machine used to move liquid through a piping system
and to raise the pressure of the liquid.

 Pumps are used to transfer liquids

from low-pressure zones to high-
pressure zones

 Without the pump in this system, the

liquid move in the opposite direction
because of the pressure differential

 In most plants pumps are a critical part of daily operation.

Pump represents 27% of the electricity consumed in the
manufacturing sector.
Objective of pumping system
 Take fluid where it is needed with the
desired pressures and flows;

 Take away fluid from areas where it

is not needed;

 Control: control flow volume;

pressure and timing.

A process of addition of kinetic and potential energy to a liquid for the purpose
of moving it from one point to another. This energy will cause the liquid to do
work such as flow through a pipe or rise to a higher level and Pump gives
pressure to fluid passing through it and discharges the fluid to the outside.
The pumps which are primarily concerned in
marine applications are used for -
• Providing fuel oil to the prime mover.
• Circulating lubricating (lube) oil to the bearings
and gears.
• Supplying seawater for the coolers in engineering
spaces.
• Pumping out the bilges.
• Transferring fuel oil to various storage and service tanks.
• Pumping cargo oil.
Basic Pumping process

A pump uses several energy transformations to

raise the pressure of a liquid.
• Main pump components
• Pumps
• Prime movers: electric motors, diesel engines, air
system
• Piping to carry fluid
• Valves to control flow in system
• Other fittings, control, instrumentation
• End-use equipment
• Heat exchangers, tanks, hydraulic machines
Classification Of Pump
Pumps are classified on the basis of :
• The applications they serve,
• The materials from which they are constructed,
• The liquids they handle, and even their orientation
in space.

• All pumps may be divided into two major

categories :

(1) Dynamic

(2) Displacement
Type of Pumps
Pump Classification
Classified by operating principle

Pumps

Others (e.g. Positive

Dynamic Impulse, Buoyancy) Displacement

Centrifugal Special effect Rotary Reciprocating

Internal External Slide

Lobe
gear gear vane
Centrifugal Pump

Displacement Pump
 RECIPROCATING
POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT
PUMP
External Gear Internal Gear

ROTARY
Slide Vane
POSITIVE
DISPLACEMENT
PUMP
• Dynamic Pumps:
Energy is continuously added to increase the fluid velocities inside the
machine (i.e., increase the kinetic energy of the fluid);Between the
Machine and the Discharge: A diverging type of geometry (e.g., volute,
or diffuser) is used to convert velocities(kinetic energy) into pressure.

Working Principle of Dynamic Pumps

Dynamic Pump (Centrifugal) Displacement Pump
 Centrifugal Pumps
A machine for moving fluid by accelerating the fluid
RADIALLY outward.

From the Center

of a Circle

RADIAL DIRECTION
To the Outside of a Circle
Centrifugal pump:
basic principle
Consists of two basic parts:
1. The rotary element or impeller
2. the stationary element or casing
(volute)

• Pump is filled with liquid and the impeller is rotated

• Rotation imparts energy to the liquid causing it to exit the impellers'
vanes at a greater velocity than it possessed when it entered
• This outward flow reduces the pressure at the impeller eye, allowing
more liquid to enter
• The liquid that exits the impeller is collected in the casing (volute)
where its velocity is converted to pressure before it leaves the
pump’s discharge
 Centrifugal Pumps
• This machine consists of an IMPELLER
rotating within a case (diffuser)

• Liquid directed into the

center of the rotating
impeller is picked up by
the impeller’s vanes and
accelerated to a higher velocity by the
rotation of the impeller and discharged by
centrifugal force into the case
(diffuser).
A collection chamber in the casing converts much of the Kinetic
Energy (energy due to velocity) into Head or Pressure.
 Centrifugal Impellers
Impeller
Vanes

“Eye of the
Impeller” Thickness
Water of the impeller
Diameter of
Entrance
the Impeller

• Thicker the Impeller- More Water

• Increase the Speed - More Water and Pressure
 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF
CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS

Advantages

• Simple in construction and cheap

• Handle liquid with large amounts of solids
• No metal to metal fits
• No valves involved in pump operation
• Maintenance costs are lower

Disadvantages

• Cannot handle highly viscous fluids efficiently

• Cannot be operated at high heads
• Maximum efficiency holds over a narrow range of conditions
Displacement Pumps:
Energy is periodically added by application of a force to
one or more movable boundaries; resulting in a direct
increase of pressure.

Displacement pumps move fluid strictly by precise

machine displacements such as a gear system rotating
within a closed housing (screw pumps) or a piston moving
in a sealed cylinder (reciprocal pumps).

Analysis of positive-displacement pumps involves purely

mechanical concepts and does not require detailed
knowledge of hydraulics
Open and Closed System

In Closed systems, see figure 3.1,

there is no head as fluid moves
horizontally so the pump does not
need to overcome any elevation

In Open systems where water is

to be moved from one level to
another, see figure 3.3, there is a
constant pressure difference
between the two reservoirs,
corresponding to the
height difference
 Pump head
The net work performed on the liquid by the pump.
Composed of 4 parts:
1. Static head or elevation, Hs
2. Pressure head or pressures to overcome, Hp
3. Friction head, Hf
4. Velocity head, Hv

The sums of these four heads is called the Total Dynamic Head (TDH).
The reason that we use the term dynamic because when the pump is
running the elevations, pressures, velocities and friction losses begin to
change . In other words, they are dynamic.

TDH = Hs + Hp + Hf + Hv
Definition and types
Pump Head is the total resistance that a pump must overcome.
It is a measure of fluid energy .
Static Head: Static head represents the net change in height, in feet,
that the pump must overcome. It applies only in open systems. Note
that in a closed loop system, the static head is zero because the fluid
on one side of the system pushes the fluid up the other side of the
system, so the pump does not need to overcome any elevation.
Static Head – Applies only to open systems,
such as a waterfall in a manmade pond. It is
the difference, in feet, between two water
levels. So if the pump is at the bottom of our
pond with a waterfall, then the Static Head is
measured from the top of the pond water to
the top of the waterfall

The most common open system is the cooling

tower portion of a chilled water system, as
Figure : Closed and Open system depicted below..
Friction Head

Friction head,(ft) is the amount of energy used to overcome resistance to the flow of liquids
through the system. It is affected by the length and diameter of the pipe, the roughness of
the pipe, and the velocity head. It is also affected by the physical construction of the piping
system. The number and types of ell's, valves, tees, etc., will greatly influence the friction
head for the system. These must be converted to their equivalent length of pipe and
included in the calculation.

The roughness factor (f), varies with length and diameter as well as the condition of the pipe
and the material from which it is constructed, it is normally in the range of .01-.04

This is also called pressure drop. Components causing friction include boilers, chillers,
piping, heat exchangers, coils, valves, and fittings.
Example:

What is the friction head in a system which uses 150 ft of 6 inch diameter pipe, when the
velocity is 3 fps? The system's valving is equivalent to an additional 75 feet of pipe. Reference
material indicates a roughness factor of 0.025 for this particular pipe and flow rate.
Velocity Head: Accelerating water from a standstill or low velocity at the
starting point to a higher velocity at an ending point requires energy. In closed
systems the starting point is the same as the ending point. Therefore the
beginning velocity equals the final velocity, so velocity head is not a
consideration. In an open system, the velocity head is theoretically a
consideration. Note that the velocity head is defined by the formula V 2/2g
where V is the fluid velocity in feet per second and g is the gravitational
constant 32 feet/second 2.
Velocity head is the amount of head or energy required to maintain a stated
velocity in the suction and discharge lines. The design of most pumps makes the
total velocity head for the pumping system zero.
Mathematically the velocity head is:
Pressure Head: Refers to the different pressure levels between two vessels.
When liquid is pumped from a vessel at one pressure to a vessel at another
pressure, pressure head exists. For example, if a pump must pump rainwater
(collected in an open tank) to a second tank that is closed and slightly pressurized,
then in addition to Static and Friction Head, the pump must also overcome the
pressure being exerted on the water in the tank. Exist in open systems only .
h = (p2 - p1) / γ
h express the pressure head - the height of a column of
fluid of specific weight - γ - required to give a pressure
difference of (p2 - p1).
For closed systems: Pump head = the sum of all friction pressure drops
Where:
Friction pressure drop = piping pressure drop + terminal unit pressure drop
+ source unit pressure drop* + valve pressure drop + accessories pressure
drop.
For open systems: Pump head = the sum of all friction losses plus the
static lift of the fluid plus the pressure head.
Vapor Pressure
Vapor pressure is that pressure at which a liquid begins to vaporize,
i.e. boil. Vapor pressure is usually given in units of millimeters of
mercury (mm Hg) or pounds per square inch

Vaporization .
A fluid vaporizes when its pressure becomes too low, or its
temperature too high. All centrifugal pumps have a required head
(pressure) at the suction side of the pump to prevent this
vaporization. This head requirement is supplied to us by the pump
manufacturer and is calculated with the assumption that fresh
water at 68 degrees Fahrenheit (Twenty degrees Centigrade) is the
fluid being pumped.
Cavitation
Pump cavitation occurs when the pressure in the pump inlet drops below the
vapor pressure of the liquid. Vapor bubbles form at the inlet of the pump and
are moved to the discharge of the pump where they collapse, often taking
small pieces of the pump with them.

Cavitation is often characterized by:

 Loud noise often described as a grinding or “marbles” in the pump
 Loss of capacity (bubbles are now taking up space where liquid should
be)
 Pitting damage to parts as material is removed by the collapsing bubbles

Noise is a nuisance and lower flows will slow the process, but pitting
damage will ultimately decrease the life of the pump.
Cavitation
What is Cavitation ?
• By cavitation we understand the
formation of local vapor bubbles
inside a liquid.
 In contrast to boiling, which may
be caused either by the input of heat
or a reduction of pressure,
cavitiation is a local vaporization of
the liquid induced by hydrodynamic
pressure reduction.

Figure : An idler gear which has pitting due to

caviation
Figure shows an idler gear from an internal gear pump that has suffered
cavitation (note the pitting along the roots and the tips of the gear). Often this is
mistaken for corrosion, but unlike corrosion, the pitting is isolated within the
pump (corrosion attacks the pump material throughout).
Cavitation in pump (graphical)
Potential problems due to cavitation in
pump (contd.)

1. Noise and vibration

2. Reduce efficiency in pumps
3. Reduced flow rate and head in pumps
4. physical damage to impellers, volute case, piping, valves
NPSH (Net Positive Suction Head)
NPSH - Stands for Net Positive Suction Head. It is the measure of the
amount of energy at the pump suction available to exert pressure on the
fluid (head is energy, measured in feet).
• Net = Result of adding some positives and some negatives.
• Positive = + (always positive)
• Suction = The inlet of the pump
• Head = Energy in feet

NPSH is usually used to describe the absolute pressure of a fluid at the

inlet to a pump minus the vapor pressure of the liquid.

Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH) exists in two forms:

1. NPSH Available or NPSHA
2. NPSH Required or NPSHR
Suction
In pump hydraulics, suction refers to the inward movement of liquid
through a conduit, such as a section of pipe, into the pump and ultimately
to the eye of the impeller. Suction is the negative pressure induced by the
rotating impeller that draws the pumped liquid to a point such that energy
may be imparted to it from the impeller vanes. The opposite of suction is
discharge. The word suction is used as an adjective in many hydraulic
terms, all of which of course refer to the inlet side of a pumping system.
Pressure at pump inlet
The fluid pressure at a pump inlet will be determined by the pressure on the
fluid surface, the frictional losses in the suction pipe work and any rises or
falls within the suction pipe work system.
NPSHA
Net Positive Suction Head available (NPSHA) is defined as:
The total suction head in feet of liquid absolute, determined at the
suction nozzle and corrected to datum, less the vapor pressure of the liquid
in feet absolute.
In somewhat simpler terms, NPSHA is the absolute pressure in feet of
liquid at pumping temperature available at the pump suction flange, above
vapor pressure. Mathematically this looks like,

Where,
hS = Static suction head (+) or static suction lift (-), feet
hL = Suction line losses (friction, entrance and fittings), feet
hA = Absolute pressure at the liquid's free surface, in feet of liquid pumped
hV = Vapor pressure of liquid at pumping temperature, converted to ft. of
liquid
NPSHR
• NPSHR - Stands for Net Positive Suction Head Required.
• Cavitation occurs when the Available Suction Head is less than
Required for a specific pump. When Suction Pressure is too low,
fluid vaporizes. The created bubbles collapse as they encounter
increased pressure while exiting the impeller, resulting in Cavitation
• NPSHR Is Unique - The Net Positive Suction Head Required is
unique for each pump design. It is a function of the geometric design
and RPM.
• NPSHR is a Given! - Manufacturers provide graphs which illustrate
the NPSHR for each pump model at the full spectrum of GPM range.
As GPM increases, NPSHR increases.
Desired Inequality of NPSHA and NPSHR

Theoretically, to preclude liquid cavitation,

Practically, in order to compensate for system variations

and incorrect analytical assumptions,
Increasing NPSHA
Many systems suffer from initial poor design
considerations. To increase the NPSHA consider the
following:
a. Increase the suction pipe work size to give a fluid
velocity of about 1 m/sec or 3ft/sec
b. Redesign the suction pipe work to eliminate bends,
valves and fittings where possible.
c. Raise the height of the fluid container.
d. Pressurize the fluid container, but ensure that the
pressure in the container is maintained as the fluid level
is lowered.
NPSHA
Fluid surface pressure + positive head – pipe work friction loss – fluid vapor pressure
or
Fluid surface pressure - negative head – pipe work friction loss – fluid vapor pressure

NPSHA - Consists of 5 variables.

1. Gas Pressure - Atmospheric or closed system -
(Positive, Pa)
2. Distance of the fluid source above (positive) or below
(negative) the pump suction inlet (He)
3. Suction plumbing friction loss (Negative, Hf)
4. Vapor Pressure (Liquid Temperature Sensitive) -
(Negative, Pv)
5. Specific Gravity (S.G.)
Frictional losses
Suction plumbing friction loss -
It is always Negative. It is the
friction loss for all components
prior to the pump inlet.

As flow increases linearly,

friction increases exponentially.
Friction loss is calculated from
friction charts for pipe, fittings,
valves, and other special fluid
carrying devices.
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure, at any given
temperature is always Negative. Vapor
Pressure reduces the positive effect of
NPSH variable number 1, Gas
Pressure, by lowering the gas density
as temperature rises. “Vapor Pressure”
sounds like it should be “positive” but
it is the result of “vaporization” due to
higher temperature.
Remember it as “Vaporizing”
(Negating) the Atmospheric Pressure
effect.
Understanding NPSHA and NPSHR
Understanding NPSHA and NPSHR (contd.)

In a system where the fluid needs to be lifted to the pump inlet , the negative
head reduces the motive force to move the fluid to the pump.
In these instances it is essential to size the supply pipe work and isolating
valves generously so that high frictional losses do not reduce the NPSHA
below the NPSHR.
NPSHR Curve
 Steps in calculating pump head

Static Suction Lift: The vertical distance from the water line to the centerline of the
impeller.
Static Discharge Head: The vertical distance from the discharge outlet to the point of
discharge or liquid level when discharging into the bottom of a water tank.
Dynamic Suction Head: The Static Suction Lift plus the friction in the suction line. Also
referred to as a Total Suction Head.
Dynamic Discharge Head: The Static Discharge Head plus the friction in the discharge line.
Also referred to as Total Discharge Head.
Total Dynamic Head: The Dynamic Suction Head plus the Dynamic Discharge Head. Also
referred to as Total Head.
Discharge Head: is the vertical
distance between the pump
datum point and the liquid surface
in the receiving tank. The pump
datum is at the center line for
horizontal pumps and at the
entrance eye of the impeller for
vertical pumps.

Suction Head: if the water to be

pumped has its surface ABOVE the
center of the pump, then this
relationship is called a "suction
head". More technically, it is the
positive vertical distance between
the pump datum and the liquid
surface in the suction well.

Static Head: "Static head is the

distance that the water is to be
lifted."
Suction Lift: If the liquid level is BELOW the pump datum, then it is a negative value, as
that is additional elevation that the water has to be lifted up to the pump zero level. This
case is termed as having a suction lift. (Although it is rare for this case to happen, it does
occur.) This is illustrated in the suction lift drawing:
Pump performance curve

Pump performance results are typically obtained from an

experimental test of the given pump and are presented
graphically for each performance parameter.

Typical independent variable - Q {usually gpm (liquids)

or cfm (gases)}

Typical dependent variables are

H – head pressure rise, in some cases DP
BHP – input power requirements (motor size)
h – pump efficiency
These are graphed for fixed pump speed for each impeller
diameter in a given family of pumps
Pump performance curve

Actual pump performance data will typically be presented

graphically as shown in Fig. Each graph will usually have
curves representing the pump head vs. flow rate for two
or more impeller diameters for a given class/model of
pumps having a similar design. The graphs will also show
curves of constant efficiency and constant pump power
(BHP) for the impeller diameters shown. All curves will be
for a fixed pump impeller speed.
Pump performance curve

Efficiency

Impeller NPSH
Diameter

Developed
Head
Horsepower

Flow Rate
Pump performance curve
How to Read Pump Performance Curves
Care must be taken to correctly read the performance
data from pump curves. This should be done as follows:
(1) For a given flow rate Q
(2) Read vertically to a point on the pump head curve h
for the impeller diameter D of interest.
(3) All remaining parameters ( efficiency & BHP) are
read at this point; i.e., graphically interpolate between
adjacent curves for BHP to obtain the pump power at
this point.
Note that the resulting values are valid only for the
conditions of these curves:
(1) pump model and design, (2) pump speed – N, (3)
impeller size – D, (4) fluid (typically water)
Pump Efficiency
Power output Po  Q H t
p   
Power input Pi Pi

or  Q Ht
Pi 
p
Which is the power input delivered from the motor to the
impeller of the pump.
Motor efficiency, m
Pi
m 
Pm

Pi
Pm  which is the power input delivered to the motor.
m
Overall efficiency of the motor-pump system, o

 o   p m

Po
o 
Pm
Pump efficiency
Pump efficiency is the ratio of the liquid horsepower
delivered by the pump and the brake horsepower
delivered to the pump shaft. When selecting a pump, a
key concern is optimizing pumping efficiency.

It is good practice to examine several performance charts

at different speeds to see if one model satisfies the
requirements more efficiently than another. Whenever
possible the lowest pump speed should be selected, as
this will save wear and tear
on the rotating parts.
Best efficiency point (BEP)
The pump performance curve also gives information on
pump efficiency. The efficiency curves intersect with the
head-capacity curve and are labeled with percentages.
The pump’s efficiency varies throughout its operating
range. Each pump will have its own maximum efficiency
point. The best efficiency point (BEP) is the point of
highest efficiency of the pump. All points to the right or
left of the BEP have a lower efficiency.
Best efficiency point (BEP)
The impeller is subject to axial and radial forces, which
get greater the further away the operating point is from
the BEP. These forces manifest themselves as vibration
depending on the speed and construction of the pump.
The point where the forces and vibration levels are
minimal is at the BEP.

Pumps should be sized as close as possible to its best

efficiency point or flow rate. This not only makes the
pump more efficient but also improves the reliability of
the pump. Note that total efficiency is never realized
because of mechanical and hydraulic losses incurred in
the pump
Pump efficiency (contd.)
Pump efficiency is greatest when the largest possible impeller is
installed in a pump casing. Pump efficiency decreases when smaller
impellers are installed in a pump because of the increased amount of
fluid that slips through the space between the tips of the impeller
blades and the pump casing. Pump efficiency also decreases as the
rotational speed of the pump is reduced. However, the magnitude of
the decrease in pump efficiency depends on the individual pump.

Keep in mind that running the pump outside the recommended

operating range could and most likely will damage the pump by
shortening bearing and seal life or even damage the shaft. Also
sustained excess velocity and turbulence will result in vortexes,
which can create cavitation damage capable of destroying the pump
casing, back plate, and impeller in a short period of operation.
Pump efficiency (contd.)
As a guide, select a pump
with an impeller size no
greater than between 1/3
and 2/3 of the impeller
range for that casing with an
operating point in the high
efficiency area (see Fig.). It is
also important not to go too
far right or left from the
B.E.P.. A guideline is to locate
the operating point between
110 and 80 percent of the
B.E.P. flow rate with an
operating point in the
desirable impeller selection
area (see Fig.).
Selection of A Pump
• In selecting a particular pump for a given system:
• The design conditions are specified and a pump is
selected for the range of applications.
• A system characteristic curve (H-Q) is then prepared.
• The H-Q curve is then matched to the pump
characteristics chart which is provided by the
manufacturer.
• The matching point (operating point) indicates the
actual working conditions.
Pumping System Characteristics
• Static head consists of
• Static suction head (hS): lifting liquid relative to
pump center line
• Static discharge head (hD) vertical distance
between centerline and liquid surface in
destination tank
• Static head at certain pressure

Head (in feet) = Pressure (psi) X 2.31

Specific gravity
68
© UNEP 2006
Pumping System Characteristics
• Friction head
• Resistance to flow in pipe and fittings
• Depends on size, pipes, pipe fittings, flow
rate, nature of liquid
• Proportional to square of flow rate
• Closed loop system
only has friction head Friction
head
(no static head)

Flow
69
© UNEP 2006
Pumping System Characteristics
In most cases:
Total head = Static head + friction head

System
System
curve
Friction curve
head
System System
head head Friction
Static head head

Static head

Flow Flow
70
© UNEP 2006
Pumping System Characteristics
Pump performance curve
• Relationship between
head and flow Head
• Flow increase
• System resistance increases
• Head increases Flow
• Flow decreases to zero Performance curve for
centrifugal pump
• Zero flow rate: risk of
pump burnout
71
© UNEP 2006
 Pumping System Characteristics
Pump operating point

• Duty point: rate Pump performance

curve
of flow at certain
Pump
head operating
• Pump operating Head System point
curve
point:
intersection of Static
head
pump curve and
system curve
Flow
72
© UNEP 2006
Point of operation

• The point of intersection is called the operating point.

• This matching point indicates the actual working conditions,
and therefore the proper pump that satisfy all required
performance characteristic is selected.
Example 1
A Pump has a cavitation constant = 0.12, this pump was
instructed on well using UPVC pipe of 10m length and
200mm diameter, there are elbow (ke=1) and valve
(ke=4.5) in the system. the flow is 35m3 and The total
Dynamic Head Ht = 25m (from pump curve) f=0.0167

Calculate the maximum suction head.

Given:

Atm. Pressure head = 9.69 m

Vapor pressure head=0.2 m
Solution σ  0.12
NPSH R  σ  H t  0.12  25  3
Patm PVapor
(NPSH)A   hS  h f S   hmS  
γair γVapor
Q 0.035
VS    1.11 m/s
A π   0.2 2
4

VS2 1.112 VS2 1.112

he    0.063 hV  4.5  4.5   0.283m
2g 2g 2g 2g

L V2 10 1.112
h fS  f   0.0167    0.053m
D 2g 0.2 2 g
Patm PVapor
(NPSH)A   hS  h f S   hmS  
γair γVapor
3  hS  0.053   0.283  0.063   9.69   0.2
hS  6.088m
Example 2
For the following pump, determine the required pipes diameter
to pump 60 L/s and also calculate the needed power.
Minor losses 10 v2/2g
Pipe length 10 km
roughness = 0.15 mm
hs = 20 m

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Q
L/s
45 44.7 43.7 42.5 40.6 38 35 31 Ht

-P 35 50 57 60 60 53 40
Solution
To get 60 L/s from the pump hs + hL must be <= 35 m
Assume the diameter =
300mm
Then:
A  0.070m 2 , V  0.85m / s
Re  2.25  10 5 , K S / D  0.0005, f  0.019
0.019  10000   0.85
2
hf   23.32m
0.3  19.62

10  V 2 10   0.85
2
hm    0.37m
2g 2g

h s  h f  h m  43 . 69 m  35 m
Solution (contd.)
Assume the diameter =
350mm
Then:
A  0.0962m 2 ,V  0.624m / s

Re  1.93  10 5 , K S / D  0.00043, f  0.0185

h f  10.48m,

10  V 2 10   0.624
2
hm    0.2m
2g 2g

 hs  h f  hm  30.68m 35m

 Q H t 1000  9.81 1000

60
 35
Pi    38869.8W  38.87kW
p 0.53
Example 3
A pump was designed to satisfy the following system

9 6 3 Q (m3/hr)
38 20 12 hf (m)

heck whether the pump is suitable or not

Atm. pressure head  10.3 m
Vapour pressure head  0.25m

Pipe diameter is 50mm

hd  13m
24  V 2
 suction Part  hL 
2g
Solution: Pump curve
1- Draw the system curve and check the operation point

HSTAT  h d  h S  13  7  20m
Solution (contd.)
There are an operation point at:
NPSHR =4.1 Q = 9 m3/hr H =58m
Then Check NPSHA
Q 9 / 3600
V   1.27m/s
A π
  0.05
2

4
24  1.27
2
hL   2.0m
2g
Patm PVapor
(NPSH) A   h S  h f S  h mS  
γ air γ Vapor
(NPSH) A  7  2  10.3  0.25
(NPSH) A  1.05  4.1

pump is not suitable, the cavitation will occur

Solution: Pump curve
Affinity laws
• The actual performance characteristics curves of
pumps have to be determined by experimental
testing.
• Furthermore, pumps belonging to the same family,
i.e.; being of the same design but manufactured in
different sizes and, thus, constituting a series of
geometrically similar machines, may also run at
different speeds within practical limits.
• Each size and speed combination will produce a
unique characteristics curve, so that for one family
of pumps the number of characteristics curves
needed to be determined is impossibly large.
Affinity laws (contd.)

• The problem is solved by the application of

dimensional analysis and by replacing the variables
by dimensionless groups so obtained. These
dimensionless groups provide the similarity (affinity)
laws governing the relationships between the
variables within one family of geometrically similar
pumps.
• Thus, the similarity laws enable us to obtain a set of
characteristic curves for a pump from the known test
data of a geometrically similar pump.
Affinity laws (graphical)
Flow α Speed
Head α (Speed)2
Power absorbed α (Speed)3
Change in pump speed (constant size)

• If a pump delivers a discharge Q1 at a head H1

when running at speed N1, the corresponding
values when the same pump is running at speed
N2 are given by the similarity (affinity) laws:

3
Q2 N 2 H2  N 2 
2
Pi 2  N 2 
    
Q1 N1 H1  N1  Pi1  N1 

where Q = discharge (m3/s, or l/s).

H = pump head (m).
N = pump rotational speed (rpm).
Pi = power input (HP, or kw).
Change in pump speed (constant size)
Therefore, if the pump curve for speed N1 is given, we
can construct the pump curve for the speed N2 using
previous relationships.

N1

N2

Fig.: Effect of speed change on pump characteristic curves.

Change in pump size constant speed)
• A change in pump size and therefore, impeller
diameter (D), results in a new set of characteristic
curves using the following similarity (affinity) laws:

3
Q2 �D2 � H2  D2 
2
Pi 2 �D2 �
� �   � �
Q1 �D1 � H1  D1  Pi1 �D1 �

where D = impeller diameter (m, cm).

Note : D indicated the size of the pump

Caution of application of affinity laws
 The affinity laws are sometimes incorrectly applied
especially for pumping systems with substantial amounts
of static head. For systems Where there is no static head
component, the affinity laws can be used Directly to
estimate the savings potential of reduced speed
operation

 In reality, however, most pumping systems have some

static head component. Hence, the affinity relations
must be modified to account for this
Example of affinity laws application
In figure, at 40% of full operating
speed, about 40% flow would be
produced through the system with
no static head ; however, no flow
(see point X in Fig.) would be
produced through the system with
static head.
The pump speed would have to
increase sufficiently To overcome
the static head before flow would
actually start to increase. The
affinity laws would then apply to
flow conditions above the static
pressure that must be overcome
before flow starts.
Example 4
Solution
Solution (contd.)
Example 5
Solution
(a) Modified head conditions.

The power relationship.

Solution (contd.)
(b) Compute the flow rate for the modified system
Exercise
Example 6
A centrifugal pump running at 1000 rpm gave the following relation
between head and discharge:

Discharge (m3/min) 0 4.5 9.0 13.5 18.0 22.5

Head (m) 22.5 22.2 21.6 19.5 14.1 0

The pump is connected to a 300 mm suction and delivery pipe the

total length of which is 69 m and the discharge to atmosphere is
15 m above sump level. The entrance loss is equivalent to an
additional 6m of pipe and f is assumed as 0.024.
1. Calculate the discharge in m3 per minute.
2. If it is required to adjust the flow by regulating the pump
speed, estimate the speed to reduce the flow to one-half
Solution
1) System curve:
• The head required from pump =
static + friction + velocity head
V d2
H t  H s ta t  h f d   hm d  hf s   hm s 
2g
• Hstat = 15 m
• Friction losses (including equivalent entrance losses) =
8 f LQ 2
 h fs  hms   h fd hmd  2 g D5
8  0.024  (69  6) 2
 Q
 g (0.3)
2 5

 61.21Q 2 where Q in m3/s

Solution (contd.)
2
Vd2 1 Q
• Velocity head in delivery pipe =     10.2Q
2

2g 2g  A 
where Q in m3/s
Thus:
• H  15  71.41Q 2 where Q in m 3
/s
t
or
• H t  15  19.83  10 3 Q 2 where Q in m3/min

• From this equation and the figures given in the problem the
following table is compiled:

Discharge (m3/min) 0 4.5 9.0 13.5 18.0 22.5

Head available (m) 22.5 22.2 21.6 19.5 14.1 0
Head required (m) 15.0 15.4 16.6 18.6 21.4 25.0
Solution (contd.)
Pump and Sytem Curves

28
Head, Ht (m)

26
24
22
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4 Pump Curve
2 System Curve
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24

Discharge, Q (m3/min)
Solution (contd.)

From the previous Figure, The operating point is:

• QA = 14 m3/min
• HA = 19 m

• At reduced speed: For half flow (Q = 7 m3/min) there

will be a new operating point B at which:
• QB = 7 m3/min
• HB = 16 m
Solution (contd.)
Pump and Sytem Curves

28
Head, Ht (m)

26
24
22 A
20
18
16
14
12
B
10
8
Pump Curve
6 System Curve
4 A
2 B
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24

Discharge, Q (m3/min)
Solution (contd.)
Q2 N 2 H2  N 2 
2
  
Q1 N1 H1  N1 
2
H Q 
 
H B  QB 

16 2
H  2 Q  0.327Q 2
7
This curve intersects the original curve for N1 = 1000 rpm
at C where Qc= 8.2 m3/ hr and Hc= 21.9 m, then
QB N 2 7 N2
  N2 = 855rpm
QC N1 8.2 1000
Solution (contd.)
Pump and System Curves

28
26
Head, Ht (m)

24 C
22 A
20
18
16
14 B
12 Pump Curve
10 System Curve
8 A
6 B
4
C
2
0
0 2 4 6 8 10

Discharge, Q (m3/min)
Pump in parallel
Same head: H
Add the discharges: Q1 + Q2
Advantages of pumps in
parallel are:

• high capacity: permits a

large total discharge;
• flexibility: pumps can be
brought in and out of
service if the required
discharge varies;
• redundancy: pumping can
continue if one is not
operating due to failure or
planned maintenance.
Pump in series
Same discharge: Q
Add the heads: H1 + H2

Pumps in series may be

necessary to generate high
heads, or provide regular
“boosts” along long pipelines
without large pressures at any
particular point.
Exercise