Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
QUANTUM MECHANICS
Instructor: Dr. Mehr Nigar
Failure of the Classical description of Atom
Light as a wave; characteristics of waves
Light as a particle; photoelectric effect
Matter as wave!; Louis de Broglie
Wave-particle duality; Beginnings of Quantum
Mechanics
Failure of Classical Mechanics
Newtonian Mechanics? F = ma
Water Waves
Sound Waves
Amplitude, Wavelength and
Frequency:
Amplitude is defined as the deviation from the average level, it can be positive or
negative.
10 m x
12 m
1. 10 m
2. 12 m
3. 5m
4. 6m
Light Waves
Intensity = a2
Mathematical Description of a Wave II
If position x = 0 or constant; the electric field of light can be visualized as
function of time, t. E (0,t) = a Cos (2t)
At t = 0
At t = 1/f
(one period)
Long
Short
Wavelengths
Wavelengths
Low Frequencies
High
Frequencies
Applications of Flourescence
Fluorescent Paint
Quantum Dots
Wavelength of the emitted light is proportional to the size of the quantum dot.
Quantum Dot Displays
Superposition of Waves
Applications of Destructive
Interference
Noise Cancellation Headphones:
y = mx + b
Slope (m) = 6.626 x 10-34 Js
Planck had observed this number much earlier as a fitting constant to explain
Black body radiation.
Einstein’s Relations:
Einstein predicted that a graph of the maximum kinetic energy
versus frequency would be a straight line, given by the linear
relation:
KE = hf - Φ
…Therefore light energy comes in multiples of hv
Ei = K.E +
K.E = Ei -
If a beam of light with energy = 7.0 eV (1 eV = 1.602 x
10-19 J) strikes a gold surface, what is the maximum
kinetic energy of the ejected electrons.
1) K.E. = 12.1 eV
2) K.E. = 5.1 eV
3) K.E. = 1.9 eV
4) K.E. = 7.0 eV
5) No electrons will be ejected.
Ei = Incident Energy
If f f0 No electrons are ejected! f0 = threshold frequency
= Work Function
If f f0 Electrons are ejected!
Energy of a photon:
Energy of a photon must be equal to or greater than the work
function of a metal, for an electron to be ejected.
Each photon ejects a single electron, therefore the greater the number of incident
photons the higher the number of ejected electrons.
Intensity of light (energy/sec) is proportional to the # of photons emitted/sec.
High intensity means more photons/sec, Unit of Intensity = W = Js-1
NOT more E / photon
Summary of Terminology:
Photons: also called light, electromagnetic radiation, may be described in
terms of energy, or f.
E = 7.82 x 10-19J, the UV lamp does have enough energy to eject an electron from Zn surface.
E = 2.84 x 10-19J, the laser pointer does NOT have enough energy to eject an electron from Zn
surface.
3) What is the total number of photons emitted by the laser pointer in 60 seconds if intensity (I) =
1.00mW
# of photons emitted if the laser pointer is used for 60 s = 2.1 x 1017 photons.
# of photons emitted if the UV lamp is used for 60 s = 7.67 x 1016 photons.
K.E = Ei -
K.E = hc/ -
Solar Cells: act like a battery when exposed to light. Individual solar
cells produce voltages of about 0.6 volts but higher voltages and
large currents can be obtained by appropriately connecting many
solar cells together
Read more:
<a href="http://science.jrank.org/pages/5169/Photoelectric-Effect-
Applications.html">Photoelectric Effect - Applications</a>
Photon Momentum
‘>
Beginnings of a New Mechanics!
= h/p
since p = mv
= h/mv
Theorized in his PhD thesis (1929) that if light can
behave as a particle and have a momentum, matter
can also have a wavelength related to its momentum!
= 9.2 x 10-35 m
Undetectable!
Which bowler’s fastball has the longest
wavelength?
http://stats.cricinfo.com/ci/content/records
Ashish Nehra
= 1.04 x 10-34 m
95.9 mph S Africa vs. India, 03/11/01 87.6 mph India vs. West Indies, 21/04/02
42.9 m/s 39.2 m/s
Wavelength of an electron:
v = 44.7 m/s
Hamiltonian Binding
Operator Energy
Solving the Schrodinger Equation
-0.061 x 10-18 J
-0.087 x 10-18 J
-RH
-0.545 x 10-18 J
22
En = - Z2RH Correctly predicts the energy levels for any one electron atom!
n2
3rd Row: A.Piccard, E. Henriot, P. Ehrenfest, Th. De Donder, E. Schrodinger, J. E. Verschaffelt, W. Pauli, W. Heisenberg, R.H. Fowler, L. Brillouin;
2nd Row: P. Debye, M. Knudsen, W. L. Bragg, H.A. Kramers, P.A.M. Dirac, A. H. Compton, L. de Broglie, M. Born, N. Bohr;
1st Row: I. Langmuir, M. Curie, H. A. Lorentz, A. Einstein, P. Langevin, C.T.R. Wilson, O.W. Richardson
Hydrogen Atom Emission Spectrum
Relaxation of an excited H atom:
A photon is emitted with the exact energy of the energy difference
between the initial and final states.
ΔE = Ei - Ef