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Multiplexing
and
Demultiplexing
(Channelization)
1
The Concept of Multiplexing
• Multiplexing to refer to the combination of information
streams from multiple sources for transmission over a
shared medium
– Multiplexor is a mechanism that implements the concept
• Demultiplexing to refer to the separation of a combination
back into separate information streams
– Demultiplexor to refer to a mechanism that implements the concept
2
The Basic Types of Multiplexing
• There are four basic approaches to multiplexing that each have a set of
variations and implementations
– Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)
– Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM)
– Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)
– Code Division Multiplexing (CDM)
• TDM and FDM are widely used
• WDM is a form of FDM used for optical fiber
• CDM is a mathematical approach used in cell phone mechanisms
3
FDM – Analog Summed
Signals
Basic Operation
Subcarriers
• Multiple signals can be Shifted in
modulated using frequency
different frequencies
No
• Signals with different overlap
frequencies can be
Multiplexed together
• The multiplexed signal B=Total BW
has a center frequency
and bandwidth
– Larger than total BW of
all multiplexed signals
FDM Transmitter Process
FDM De-multiplexing Process
Using a Range of Frequencies Per
Channel
• To increase the overall data rate
– a sender divides the frequency range of the channel into K carriers
– and sends 1/K of the data over each carrier
• A sender can perform FDM within an allocated channel
– Sometimes, the term subchannel allocation refers to the subdivision
• To increase immunity to interference
– a sender uses a technique known as spread spectrum
• Various forms are suggested, but basic idea is
– divide the range of the channel into K carriers
– transmit the same data over multiple channels
– allow a receiver to use a copy of the data that arrives with fewest errors
• The scheme works well in cases where noise is likely to interfere with
some frequencies at a given time
5
FDM –
Example
• Transmitted TV signal
– Total BW is 6 MHZ
• Audio carrier operating at
f0+5.75 MHz (fca)
• Color subcarrier operating at
fcc at f0+4.799545 MHz
• Video subcarrier operating at
fvc at f0+1.25 MHz
• CATV has a bandwidth of
about 500 MHZ
– Many channels can be
multiplexed together!
FDM –
Multiplexing three voice signals
f m )t
Lower Upper
Sideband Sideband
s1
Fc-Bw Fc+Bw
8
Analog Carrier Systems
• Long-distance links use an FDM hierarchy
• Implemented by AT&T (USA) and ITU-T
(International) variants
– Group
• 12 voice channels (4kHz each) = 48kHz
• in range 60kHz to 108kHz
– Supergroup
• FDM of 5 group signals supports 60 channels
• on carriers between 420kHz and 612 kHz
– Mastergroup
• FDM of 10 supergroups supports 600 channels
– so original signal can be modulated many times
Hierarchical FDM
10
Analog
Carrier Systems
4KHz
each
Range
Wavelength Division Multiplexing
• FDM with multiple beams of light at
different frequency
• carried over optical fibre links
– commercial systems with 160 channels of
10 Gbps
– lab demo of 256 channels @ 39.8 Gbps
• architecture similar to other FDM systems
– multiplexer consolidates laser sources
(1550nm) for transmission over single fibre
– Optical amplifiers amplify all wavelengths
– Demux separates channels at the
destination
• also have Dense Wavelength Division
Multiplexing (DWDM)
Synchronous Time Division Multiplexing
• The original time division multiplexing.
• The multiplexor accepts input from attached devices in a
round-robin fashion and transmit the data in a never ending
pattern.
• T-1 and ISDN telephone lines are common examples of
synchronous time division multiplexing.
Synchronous Time Division Multiplexing -
TDM
TDM – Round Robin
Basic Operation
Why is synchronization needed?
observe that a synchronous TDM
sends one slot after another
without any indication of the
output to which a given slot
occurs
A demultiplexor cannot tell where a
slot begins
a slight difference in the clocks
used to time bits can cause a
demultiplexor to misinterpret the
bit stream Round Robin
Framing Used in the Telephone System
Version of TDM
• To prevent misinterpretation, the version of TDM used in the
phone system includes an extra framing channel as input
• Instead of taking a complete slot, framing inserts a single bit
in the stream on each round
• A demultiplexor extracts data from the framing channel and
checks for alternating 0 and 1 bits
16
Synchronous TDM
A-Synchronous TDM
-Byte interleaving
-Characters are shuffled!
-The receiver reassembles each channel
TDM Hierarchy: Digital Carrier Systems
• long-distance links use an TDM hierarchy
• AT&T (USA) and ITU-T variants
• US system based on DS-1 format
• can carry mixed voice and data signals
• 24 channels used for total data rate 1.544Mbps
• each voice channel contains one word of digitized
data (PCM, 8000 samples per sec)
• same format for 56kbps digital data
• can interleave DS-1 channels for higher rates
– e.g., DS-2 is four DS-1 at 6.312Mbps
21
DS-1 Transmission Format
(6x8KHz or 5x9.6KHz or 10x4.8 KHz) – The first bit is used to indicate the subrate
1/8000=125 usec
125 usec / 193 = 0.6477 usec
0.6477 x 8 = 5.18 usec
The Problem with Synchronous TDM:
Unfilled Slots
• Synchronous TDM works well if each source produces data
at a uniform, fixed rate equal to 1/N of the capacity of the
shared medium
• Many sources generate data in bursts, with idle time
between bursts
• In practice, a slot cannot be empty because the underlying
system must continue to transmit data
– the slot is assigned a value (such as zero)
– and an extra bit is set to indicate that the value is invalid
23
Statistical TDM
More Efficient!
24
Comparing Synchronous and Statistical TDM Frame
Format
http://www.trendcomms.com/multimedia/training/broadband%20networks/web/main/m2/temari/seccio9/t1e1.htm
CDM
Code Division Multiplexing (CDM)
• CDM used in parts of the cellular telephone system and for
some satellite communication
– The specific version of CDM used in cell phones is known as Code
Division Multi-Access (CDMA)
• Frequency hopping: Each user regularly hops between different frequencies
(hoping pattern)
• CDM does not rely on physical properties
– such as frequency or time
• CDM relies on an interesting mathematical idea
– values from orthogonal vector spaces can be combined and
separated without interference
• Each sender is assigned a unique binary code Ci
– that is known as a chip sequence
– chip sequences are selected to be orthogonal vectors
– (i.e., the dot product of any two chip sequences is zero) 27
Code Division Multiplexing
• The first step consists of converting the binary values into
vectors that use -1 to represent 0:
28
Code Division Multiplexing
• A receiver treats the sequence as a vector
– computes the product of the vector and the chip sequence
– treats the result as a sequence, and converts the result to binary by
interpreting positive values as binary 1 and negative values as 0
• Thus, receiver number 1 computes:
29
CDM General Operation –
Power Level
Cell Phone Communications Using CDMA
http://www.celltrek.com/sub03_technologies/sub03_08.php
Advantages and Disadvantages
TDM Link Control