Renaissance and Reformation Section 3

“Don’t worry when you are not recognized,

but strive to be worthy of recognition.”
- Abraham Lincoln

Odontophobia is the fear of teeth.

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The Protestant Reformation

Main Idea
Criticism of the Roman Catholic Church led to a
religious movement called the Protestant
Reformation and brought changes in religion and
politics across Europe.
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Catholicism in the 1400s

Roman Catholic Church—influential, extravagant, and worldly
Some people felt church straying from spiritual roots
Concerns crystallized into the Protestant Reformation
Dissatisfaction Financing Basilica Working Off Sins
• Financial corruption, • Pope Leo X approved • Catholics believed dead
abuse of power, sale of indulgences: went to purgatory,
immorality pardons reduced a worked off sins
committed
soul’s time in
• People’s respect for purgatory
priests, monks, popes • Sale of indulgences
weakened widely criticized
• Needed money for St.
Peter’s Basilica
• Heavy taxation also • Government separate
caused discontent from the church
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John Wycliffe and Jan Hus
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Question:
What conditions led to the Protestant
Reformation?

Answer(s): Church's financial corruption;

immorality; abuse of power
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Martin Luther
Martin Luther’s public criticism of the church in 1517 marks the symbolical
beginning of the Protestant Reformation.
The Ninety-Five Theses Stimulated Discussion
• Martin Luther believed selling • Nailing theses to church door
indulgences sinful common practice; doors used like
community bulletin boards
• In theses (95), said indulgences
had no power to remit sin • Theses stimulated discussion
among university intellectuals
• Criticized power of pope, wealth of
church • Published, distributed across
Europe, widely read by
• Theses written in Latin, intended
intellectuals, clergy, laypeople
for church leaders, not common
people • Desire for reform grew
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Luther’s Message
• Following publication of theses, Luther continued to study, debate
• Contradicted basic Catholic beliefs, insisted God’s grace can’t be won by
good works; faith alone needed
• 1519, declared only head of Christian Church was Jesus, not pope

Empowered the People

• Insisted that individual Christians should be own interpreters of scripture,
Christian practices should come only from Bible
• To aid this process, Luther translated Bible into German
• Translation allowed more people to read Bible without aid of clergy
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Reactions to Luther
Church’s Response German Diet
• 1520, Pope Leo X expelled Luther• Luther appeared before emperor,
from the Church German Diet, or assembly, at city
• 1521, Luther summoned to appear of Worms
before Holy Roman emperor • Refused to change opinions
Charles V

Edict of Worms Protestant

• Emperor handed down Edict of
Worms
• Declared Luther to be outlaw,
condemned his writings
• Luther’s ideas spread
• 1529, Charles V tried to suppress
Lutherans in Germany
• German princes issued
protestatio, protest, against this
• Term Protestant came from this
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Question:
Describe the ideas of Martin Luther and how
they contradicted the church’s teachings of
his day.

Answer(s): God's grace cannot be won by good

works but by faith; leader of church is Jesus, not
pope; people can interpret scripture; practices
come from Bible; challenged Catholic practices
and the authority of the pope
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Ulrich Zwingli
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John Calvin
Background
• John Calvin most important Protestant reformer next to Martin Luther
• Educated in France, influenced by Erasmus, Renaissance humanists
• Supported reforms of Luther in Germany

Influenced by Augustine
• Preached doctrine of predestination
• God knows who will be saved, guides lives of those destined for salvation
• Nothing humans can do, good or bad, will change predestined end

People Sinful by Nature

• Geneva became theocracy under Calvin; strict laws regulated behavior
• Strictness at heart of Calvinism’s appeal, gave sense of mission, discipline
• Calvinists making world fit for “elect” who had been chosen for salvation
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John Knox and Anabaptists

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Question:
How did the ideas of reformers who came
after Luther differ from those of Luther?

Answer(s): some were more radical; included

ideas of theocracy, predestination
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Protestantism Spreads to England

• Protestant Reformation began with criticisms of the Catholic Church by
priests and other religious thinkers.
• Reformation began with the king in England
A King’s Protest Annulment Opposition
• By 1525, Henry had only
• 1509, Henry VIII • Catherine, nephew Holy
one child, Mary
became king, age 17 Roman Emperor
• Henry wanted male heir, Charles V, also opposed
thought female monarch annulment
• Devout Catholic - would weaken England
wrote angry protests • Dilemma became “the
against Luther’s ideas • Decided to have king’s great matter”
marriage to Catherine
• Actions won him title annulled • Arguing with Pope,
“Defender of the • Pope would not agree to Henry fell in love with
annulment
Faith” Anne Boleyn
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Catherine of Aragon and Pope Clement VII
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Anne Boleyn
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The Reformation Parliament

Henry Takes Over
• Reformation Parliament declared that England no longer considered itself under
authority of pope
• Henry became head of Church of England

Church of England
• Henry changed rituals of church very little
• Closed Catholic monasteries, convents, distributed much of land to nobles
• This built more public support for split from Catholic Church
Act of Supremacy
• Anne Boleyn and Henry secretly married; marriage to Catherine annulled
• Later that year Anne gave birth to daughter, Elizabeth
• Act of Supremacy passed; Henry VIII “Supreme Head of Church of England”
• Protestantism would go through varying levels of support with Henry’s heirs
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Question:
What caused the Reformation to spread to
England?

Answer(s): the desire of Henry VIII to annul his

marriage
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“One of the lessons of history is that

nothing is often a good thing to do and
always a clever thing to say.”
- Will Darant

There are two credit cards for every

person in the U.S.
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The Counter-Reformation
Main Idea
Catholics at all levels recognized the need for
reform in the church. Their work turned back the
tide of Protestantism in some areas and renewed
the zeal of Catholics everywhere.
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Reforming the Catholic Church
Jesuits
• Before Luther, some Catholics
working toward reform - Counter-
Reformation
• Some tried to change church from
within - others formed new
religious orders whose members
worked to reform church
• Work renewed church’s emphasis
on spirituality, service
• Most influential of these, the
Society of Jesus, or the Jesuits
Section 3
Loyola
• 1534, order founded by Ignatius
of Loyola, Basque nobleman,
former soldier
• Loyola ran Jesuits like military
organization, emphasizing
obedience to church above all
• Jesuits concentrated on education
as means for combating
Protestant Reformation;
established missions, schools,
universities
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St. Ignatius of Loyola
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Boston College, Mass.
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Council of Trent
Recognizing the need to redefine the doctrines of Catholic faith, Pope Paul III
convened the Council of Trent in 1545. Delegates examined Catholic practices
and clarified teaching on important points.
Reforms Mystery No Compromise
• Delegates addressed • Rejected Protestants’ • No compromise between
abuses emphasis on self- Catholicism, Protestantism
• Reforms addressed discipline, individual
corruption of clergy faith
• Bold action great boost to
• Training of priests Catholicism, renewed energy,
regulated • Argued church helped confidence
• Financial abuses curbed believers achieve
• Sale of indulgences salvation using • Jesuit schools expanded
abolished mystery, magnificent scope of church worldwide;
ceremonies to inspire Renaissance women in
faith religious orders took more
active roles
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Mary Ward and St. Teresa of Avila
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The Inquisition
Roman Inquisition
• 1542, to counter Reformation, church established church court
• Roman Inquisition tried people accused of being Protestants, of practicing
witchcraft, of breaking church law

Spanish Inquisition
• Spanish monarchs set up, controlled much harsher Spanish Inquisition, 1478
• Used Inquisition to impose religious uniformity, especially on converted Jews,
Muslims, later on Protestants

Abuse of Church’s Power

• Church tried to stamp out rebellion through Index of Forbidden Books
• Church warned reading these books would cause people to lose souls
• Accounts of torture, executions by courts damaged church’s image
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Question:
What methods did the Catholic Church use
to stop the spread of Protestantism?

Answer(s): spreading Catholicism through

mission work and education reforms of the
Council of Trent; Inquisition put people on trial,
punished them
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Religious and Social Effects

The Counter-Reformation affected the whole world, because policies of the Catholic
Church influenced governments and societies wherever the church existed.
Changes in Religion Conflict and Turmoil
• Renewed zeal for Catholic faith spread • Rifts soon opened among various
the religion to other continents, largely Protestant churches
through work of Jesuits
• Martin Luther, followers, denounced
• Jesuit influence softened harsh colonial radical ideas of Anabaptists, Zwingli’s
rule in North America, elsewhere followers
• Protestants broke away from Catholic • Calvinists disapproved of ideas on
Church, split into many factions which Lutheranism based
• Religious turmoil increased as • Martin Luther’s theses had opened
Catholics persecuted non-Catholics, door to religious freedom
non-Catholics persecuted Catholics
• Religious freedom brought equal
and one another
proportion of conflict, turmoil
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Persecution and Hysteria

• Catholics and Protestants viewed Jews, Muslims as heretics
• Jews in 1492, Muslims in 1500, forced to convert to Catholic Christianity or leave
Spain; many Jews resettled in eastern, southern Europe
• Some places, Jews forced to live in ghettos, walled in, gates closed
• Jews who had converted, were members of educated elite, stayed in Spain

Witchcraft
• Many Europeans feared witches roamed land, killing children, cattle
• Fears increased in times of poor harvests, other hardships; fears inspired
hysteria in which accused witches tried for alleged wrongdoing
• Penalty for practicing witchcraft, death; many innocent victims executed
• Majority of executions between 1580 and 1660; thousands, mostly women and
poor, killed
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Political Effects
Rising sense of national identity interwoven with
decline in power of Catholic Church
• Protestant Reformation indirectly encouraged formation of
independent states, nations
• Rulers, merchants both wanted church less involved in
state, business affairs
• Political power became separated from churches
• Nations, churches still often aligned with one another to
increase influence in a region
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Question:
How did religious turmoil affect society
during the 1500s?

Answer(s): caused changes in religion, fear and

persecution of different religious groups, the
creation of independent states
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Religious Wars and Unrest

In 1494, King Charles VIII of France invaded Italy. This began a series of
wars in which France and Spain vied for control of the Italian Peninsula.
The Italian Wars Significance
• During wars, control of Italy • Significance of wars: expanded
bounced between France, Spain Italian Renaissance throughout
Europe

• England eventually became

involved • Troops brought home ideas they
were exposed to in Italy

• Fighting culminated in sack of

Rome by Holy Roman Emperor • Italian artists fled north, took new
Charles V, 1527 techniques, styles with them
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Conflicts among Germans

New Ideas and Unrest
• New ideas circulated among growing population
• Peasants unhappy with high taxes, lack of power
• Reformation preachers gave backing to idea of freedom

Peasants’ War
• 1524, tens of thousands of German peasants stormed castles, monasteries
• Rebellion known as Peasants’ War
• Nobles harshly suppressed uprising

Luther’s Reaction
• Accused of beginning unrest, Martin Luther denounced it
• Luther’s refusal to side with peasants prevented Reformation from spilling over
into social revolution that encouraged social equality
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Tide of Protestantism
Charles V Peace of Augsburg
• Holy Roman Emperor Charles V • After years of battles, enthusiasm
was determined to turn back tide for war waned
of Protestantism
• 1546, began war against Lutheran • 1555, Peace of Augsburg signed
princes of Germany

Agreement
• Charles scorned religious
compromise, would not attend
• Agreement allowed each prince to
choose religion subjects would
practice
Seeds
• Only choices for religion were
Catholicism, Lutheranism
• Subjects had no say in choice
• Still, seeds of religious freedom
had been planted
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Conflicts between Religions

• In France, Huguenots, the Protestant minority, fought for years
against Catholics

• Fighting ended when Huguenot leader, Henry of Navarre,

became Catholic

• His conversion led to political stability by encouraging Catholics to

accept him as king

• 1598, Henry’s Edict of Nantes granted religious freedom to

Protestants
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Reformation and Counter-Reformation
Protestant: Blue; Catholic: Olive
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Question:
What factors led to the Peasants’ War?

Answer(s): peasants' high taxes, lack of power;

Reformation ideas of freedom
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