DIGITAL TECHNIQUES

CONTENTS
1) Electronic Instrument System (EIS)
2) Numbering System 20 H
3) Data Conversion
4) Data Buses
5) Logic Circuit
1,3 H/Chapter
6) Computers
7) Central Processing Unit
8) Integreted Circuit
9) MSI Logic
10) Fiber Optics
11) Display
12) Electrostatic Display
30 – 40 Q & A
13) Software
14) Electromagnetic Compability
15) Avionics System
ELECTRONIC INSTRUMENT SYSTEM
• Conventional layout (Basic T)
CONT’D
• Additions to the classic T
ELECTRONIC FLIGHT INSTRUMENT
SYSTEM
EADI / PFD
• An attitude indicator
• Fixed aircraft symbol
• Pitch and bank command bars
• A glideslope indicator
• Localizer deviation
• A slip indicator
EHSI / ND
• Heading indicator
• Radio magnetic indicator
• Track indication
• Range indication
• Wind speed and direction
• VOR, DME, ILS or ADF information
ELECTRONIC CENTRALIZED A/C
MONITOR
ENGINE INDICATING & CREW ALERTING
SYSTEM
NUMBERING SYSTEM
• People and computers do not normally speak the same language.
• Methods of translating information into forms that are understandable and
usable to both are necessary.
• Humans generally speak in words and numbers expressed in the decimal number
system,
• While computers only understand coded electronic pulses that represent digital
information
• Until now, you have probably used only one number system, the decimal system.
DECIMAL NUMBER
• Each of the number systems you will study is built around the following
components: the unit, number, and base (radix).
• By definition the unit is a single object
• A number is a symbol representing a unit or a quantity
• The base, or radix, of a number system tells you the number of symbols used in
that system.
• The base of a number system is indicated by a subscript (decimal number)
following the value of the number.

759210 100112
CONT’D
• Positional notation is a system where the value of a
number is defined not only by the symbol but by the
symbol's position 10 2 101  10 1 10 2
6 0 5  4 7
• When you use any base other than the decimal
system, the division between whole numbers and
fractional numbers is referred to as the RADIX
POINT.
• The MSD in a number is the digit that has the
greatest effect on that number.
• The LSD in a number is the digit that has the least
effect on that number.
BINARY NUMBER
• It is important that you use the subscript so that
you are sure of the system being referred to.
11 11
• With no subscript you would assume both values
were the same.
1110 112
• The binary system uses powers of 2 to determine
the value of a position.
CONT’D
• As in the decimal number system, the principle of positional notation applies to
the binary number system.
• The binary system uses powers of 2 to determine the value of a position.
• All numbers or values to the left of the radix point are whole numbers, and all
numbers to the right of the radix point are fractional numbers.
• Lets look at the binary number 101,1
• When you're determining the MSD and LSD for binary numbers, use the same
guidelines you used with the decimal system
BINARY → DECIMAL CONVERSION
• Conversion of binary to decimal only requires adding the value for each position
of the number having a binary digit of 1.
• Determine the decimal values of the following binary numbers:
(a) 111001 (b) 101101
DECIMAL → BINARY CONVERSION
• An easy method of converting decimal to binary number equivalents is to write
down the decimal number and to continually divide-by-2 (two) to give a result
and a remainder of either a “1” or a “0” until the final result equals zero.
.1101
CONT’D
CONT’D
• Determine the decimal values of the following binary numbers:
(a) 73 (b) 56,25
OCTAL NUMBERS
• For the octal number system the radix or base is 8 and the digits go from 0 to 7.
• No digits 8 or 9 exist in octal.
OCTAL → DECIMAL CONVERSION
DECIMAL → OCTAL CONVERSION
OCTAL → BINARY CONVERSION
• In order to convert an octal number to a binary number we simply convert each
digit of the octal number to its corresponding three-bit binary value
BINARY → OCTAL CONVERSION
HEXADECIMAL
• For a base 16 number system the digits go from 0 to 15.
HEX → DECIMAL CONVERSION
• The positional values from right to left are 16°, 161, 162, etc.
DECIMAL → HEX CONVERSION
HEX → BINARY CONVERSION
BINARY → HEX CONVERSION
 QUIZZZ
The binary number 1010100011100101 Base2 in
hexadecimal is.?

The binary coded decimal number 10011000 expressed as a

decimal number is
CONTENTS
1) Electronic Instrument System (EIS)
2) Numbering System 20 H
3) Data Conversion
4) Data Buses
5) Logic Circuit
1,3 H/Chapter
6) Computers
7) Central Processing Unit
8) Integreted Circuit
9) MSI Logic
10) Fiber Optics
11) Display
12) Electrostatic Display
30 – 40 Q & A
13) Software
14) Electromagnetic Compability
15) Avionics System
DATA CONVERSION
• Because signals in the real world exist in both digital (on/off) and analogue
(continuously variable) forms, digital and computer systems need to be able to
accept and generate both types of signal as inputs and outputs respectively
• Because of this, there is a need for devices that can convert signals in analogue
form to their equivalent in digital form, and vice versa.
ANALOGUE & DIGITAL SIGNAL

1. Analog signal varies continuously with time

2. Analog signal is represented by sine wave
3. Analog signal have phase & frequency

1. Digital signal have limited number

2. Signal 1 represented ON and signal 0
represented OFF
CONT’D
• In order to represent an analogue signal using digital codes it is necessary to
approximate (or quantize) the signal into a set of discrete voltage levels
CONT’D
DAC/ADC SPEC
• Accuracy is a comparison of the actual output of an DAC/ADC with the
expected output.
• Accuracy expressed as a percentage of full scale, or maximum, output voltage
• The resolution of the DAC/ADC is the number of steps the input range is
divided into.
• The resolution is usually expressed as bits (n) and the number of steps is 2 to the
power n
DAC
• DACs is to provide an analogue signal output based on the digital value
represented in the digital computer.
• The basic principle of a DAC converter is to divide the analogue output into a
series of small steps.
• The number of steps depends on the number of bits used in the data to be
converted.
• If the data consists of 8 bits then the output is divided into 256 (28) steps
• For a converter with arrange 0 – 5 volts each step –would be 0.0195 volts
(5v/256 steps)
BINARY WEIGHTED LADDER (DAC)
R2R LADDER (DAC)
FLASH (ADC)
RAMP GENERATION (ADC)
CONTENTS
1) Electronic Instrument System (EIS)
2) Numbering System 20 H
3) Data Conversion
4) Data Buses
5) Logic Circuit
1,3 H/Chapter
6) Computers
7) Central Processing Unit
8) Integreted Circuit
9) MSI Logic
10) Fiber Optics
11) Display
12) Electrostatic Display
30 – 40 Q & A
13) Software
14) Electromagnetic Compability
15) Avionics System
DATA BUSES
• A bus is a collection of wires through which data is transmitted from one part of
a computer to another
• Bus systems can be either bidirectional (one way / simplex) or unidirectional
(two way / half duplex)
• All buses consist of two parts -- an address bus and a data bus.
CONT’D
• Data bus can also be serial or parallel
CONT’D
• A bus can enable communication between a single computer to a
single LRU only, known as single source, single sink,
• or a single computer to multiple LRUs, known as single source multiple
sink,
• or multiple computers to multiple LRUs known as multiple source,
multiple sink.
• The latest databus systems are multiple source, multiple sink (ARINC
629 and MIL-STD- 15538).
CONT’D
• The type of language used on an aircraft data bus is known as the
Protocol.
• Civil aircraft data bus protocols are defined and standardized by
ARINC.
• A military version is MIL-STD-1555
• Aeronautical Radio, Incorporated (ARINC) is a major company that
develops and operates systems and services to ensure the efficiency,
operation, and performance of the aviation and travel industries
ARINC 429
• ARINC 429 is the most commonly used data bus for commercial and
transport aircraft
• ARINC 429 employs unidirectional transmission of 32 bit words over
two wire (twisted pairs) using bipolar RZ format
CONT’D
• ARINC 429 uses two bit rates, 100K bits/second and 12.5K-14.5K bits/second.
• ARINC data words are always 32 bits and typically use the format
• which includes five primary fields, namely Parity, SSM, Data, SOl, and Label.
CONT’D
• The Label field is an octal value that indicates the type of data (e.g. airspeed,
altitude, etc) that is being transmitted.
• The SDI field is used when a transmitter is connected to multiple receivers but
not all data is intended for used by all the receivers
• The Data field contains the actual data to be sent.
• The SSM field is used for information which assists the interpretation of the
numeric value in the data field
• The P field is the parity bit. ARINC 429 uses odd parity. The parity bit is the last
bit transmitted within the data word.
ARINC
• The ARINC 419 standard describes several digital transmission standards that
predate ARINC 429. Some of these used 32-bit words similar to ARINC 429
• ARINC 561 was based on a six wire system involving three pairs that were used
for DATA, SYNC, and CLOCK.
• ARINC 573 is the standard adopted for use with Flight Data Recorders (FDR)
which use a continuous data stream of Harvard Hi-Phase encoded 12-bit words.
• ARINC 629 was introduced in the mid I 990s and it supports a data rate of 2
Mbps (20 times faster than ARINC 429)
• Military standard 15336 is a bidirectional centrally controlled data bus designed
for use in military aircraft
CONTENTS
1) Electronic Instrument System (EIS)
2) Numbering System 20 H
3) Data Conversion
4) Data Buses
5) Logic Circuit
1,3 H/Chapter
6) Computers
7) Central Processing Unit
8) Integreted Circuit
9) MSI Logic
10) Fiber Optics
11) Display
12) Electrostatic Display
30 – 40 Q & A
13) Software
14) Electromagnetic Compability
15) Avionics System
LOGIC CIRCUIT
• Computers operate on the principle of logic and use the TRUE and FALSE logic
conditions of a logical statement to make a programmed decision
• The conditions of a statement can be represented by symbols (variables)
• In logic circuits, you will see a variety of symbols (variables) used to represent
the inputs and outputs.
• The purpose of these symbols is to let you know what inputs are required for the
desired output.
• If the symbol A is shown as an input to a logic device, then the logic level that
represents A must be HIGH to activate the logic device.
CONT’D
• The symbol X represents the input.
• The open switch represents the logic 0 state of
variable X.
• Closing the switch (view B), represents the logic 1
state of X
• The TRUE (1 state) output of the logic device is
to have the lamp lit
• If the lamp is not lit, then the output of the logic
device is FALSE (0 state) INPUT (X) OUTPUT
(LIGHT)
OPEN OFF
CLOSE ON
AND GATE
• The AND gate is a logic circuit that requires all inputs to be TRUE at
the same time in order for the output to be TRUE.
OR GATE
• The OR gate is that any HIGH input will yield a HIGH output.
INVERTER / NOT GATE
• The inverter, often referred to as a NOT gate, is a logic device that has an output
opposite of the input
NOR GATE
• As you might expect, the NOR gate is an OR gate with an inverter on the output.
XOR GATE
• Exclusive-OR gates will produce a logic 1 output whenever either one of the two
inputs is at logic 1 and the other is at Logic 0.
• Exclusive-OR gates produce a logic 0 output whenever both inputs have the same
logical state (i.e. when both are at logic 0 or both are at logic 1).
XNOR GATE
• Exclusive-NOR gates will produce a logic 0 output whenever either one of the two
inputs is at logic 1 and the other is at logic 0.
• Exclusive-OR gates produce a logic 1 output whenever both inputs have the same
logical state (i.e. when both are at logic 0 or both are at logic 1)
NAND GATE
• A NAND gate is a digital logic gate with two or more inputs and one output with
behavior that is the opposite of an AND gate
 COMBINATION CIRCUIT
• When you look at logic circuit diagrams for digital equipment, you are
not going to see just a single gate, but many combinations of gates.
• At first it may seem confusing and complex.

0 0
1 1
0
0
0 0 0
0 0 0
1 0

1
0
1
0
1
0
BOOLEAN ALGEBRA
• Boolean algebra is frequently used to describe logical operations used in avionic
systems.
CONT’D
• We can combine gates to create a circuit
• What the output would be in the following circuit
CONT’D
• We know that what gates are, and how to determine the output of a circuit
• But how if we wanted to design a circuit based on specific output we wanted?
A’BC’ + A’BC + AB’C’+ABC’ + ABC
CONT’D
• If we can, we should always simplify the circuit before we make it
• Use logic gates and will be easier to follow by looking at
• Let simplify :
• A’BC’ + A’BC + AB’C’+ABC’ + ABC
= A’(BC’ + BC ) + A(B’C’ + BC’ + BC)
= A’(B (C+C’)) + A (C’(B’ + B) + B’C’)
= A’(B) + A(C’+B’C’)
= A’B + AC’+AB’C’
Cont’d
• The simplification method we jus use is simple, but its not always
guaranteed to give the smallest possible circuit expression
• We have another method to simplify possible circuit expression that
uses Karnaugh Maps (K-Maps)
NOTES
• We have 3 cockpit layout
• Basic T (Airspeed, Attitude, Altimeter & Horizontal situation)
• Basic six ( Turn & band indicator, Vertical Speed Indicator
• EFIS ( PFD / EADI, ND / EHSI)
• We also have engine indicating to monitoring the aircraft system and
engine parameter during operation
• Airbus known as ECAM (Electronic Centralized a/c Monitoring)
• Boeing known as EICAS (Engine Indicating and Crew Alerting System)
NOTES
• We have 4 numbering system : decimal, binary, octal and hexadecimal
• All numbering system have MSD, LSD, Radix point and basis
• MSD stand for most significant digit
• LSD stand for least significant digit
NOTES
• HEX to OCT
• Conver hex number to binary
• Group 3 character from left to right
• Convert to octal number each three character (for example 9F)
• OCT to HEX
• Convert octal number to binary
• Grouping 4 character from left to right
• Recode as hex number (for example 573)
NOTES
• ADC is using to convert analogue signal to digital signal (bit)
• DAC is using to convert digital signal (bits) to analog signal
• Accuracy is a comparison of the actual output of an DAC/ADC with the
expected output.
• Accuracy expressed as a percentage of full scale, or maximum, output voltage
• The resolution of the DAC/ADC is the number of steps the input range is
divided into.
• The resolution is usually expressed as bits (n) and the number of steps is 2 to the
power n
• For DAC we have R2R Ladder and Binary Weighted Ladder
• For ADC we have Flash ADC and Ramp Generation
NOTES
• A bus is a collection of wires through which data is transmitted from one part of a
computer to another.
• Bus systems can be either bidirectional (one way / simplex) or unidirectional
(two way / half duplex)
• All buses consist of two parts -- an address bus and a data bus.
• ARINC 429 uses two bit rates, 100K bits/s and 12.5K-14.5K bits/s
• ARINC 429 employs unidirectional transmission of 32 bit words over two wire
(twisted pairs) using bipolar RZ format
CONTENTS
1) Electronic Instrument System (EIS)
2) Numbering System 20 H
3) Data Conversion
4) Data Buses
5) Logic Circuit
1,3 H/Chapter
6) Computers
7) Central Processing Unit
8) Integreted Circuit
9) MSI Logic
10) Fiber Optics
11) Display
12) Electrostatic Devices
30 – 40 Q & A
13) Software
14) Electromagnetic Compability
15) Avionics System
COMPUTERS
• A Computer comprises of a number of devices which together make the overall
computer system.
• At the heart of the computer system is the microprocessor, which carries out all
of the processing of data to formulate an answer
• Each computer is comprised of an input section, output section, central
processing unit, and memory section.
• The differences in the computers are in the characteristics of devices used to
make up each section of the computer, and the instruction steps used to control
the operation of the computer.
CONT’D
• A basic computer system consists of four functional system device
units:
• the input unit
• the memory unit
• the Central Processing Unit
• the output unit
BUSES
• In a microcomputer the various units are connected by Buses.
• A bus is a set of lines over which information is transferred from any
of several sources to any of several destinations.
CONT’D
• The basic component of the computer system are linked together
using multiple wire connecting system known as BUS
• Three different buses are present:
• he address bus used to specify memory locations;
• The data bus on which data is transferred between devices; and
• The control bus which provides timing and control signals throughout the
system
CONT’D
• Data and addresses are represented by binary numbers (a sequence
of Is and Os) that appear respectively on the data and address bus
CONT’D
• The physical components and circuits that comprise a computer
system are known as its hardware.
• A program is an organized collection of elementary computer
operations, called instructions, that manipulate information, called
data.
• The programs that are written for a computer are called its software.
• The program and data are first stored in the memory unit via the
input unit.
DATA REPRESENTATION
• As we have learned from Chapter 2, binary numbers—particularly
large ones—are not very convenient
• To make numbers easier to handle we introduced the hexadecimal
(base 16) numbering system.
• A group of eight bits, operated on as a unit, is referred to as a byte
• Since hexadecimal characters can be represented by a group of four
bits, a byte of data can be expressed using two hexadecimal
characters
• A single byte of data can be stored at each address within the total
memory space of a computer system
MEMORY
• The purpose of the memory is to store the program instructions and data.
• Memory devices are the individual elements of the computer memory which can
store Logic "1" and Logic "0" bits, in such a manner, that a single bit or group of
bits (words) can be stored and retrieved
• Memory devices may be on the same circuit card as the computer, in the same
line replaceable unit (LRU), or in a separate LRU
• In the case of aircraft computer systems, the memory is usually within the same
LRU
VOLATILE vs NON VOLATILE
MEMORY
• The selection of a memory type for a given computer system can be based upon
the need for memory retention when system power is removed
• If the memory is of a type that loses its data when power is removed, it is
termed volatile memory
• Memory that retains data when power is removed is termed non-volatile memory
• Volatile memory is made temporarily, non-volatile by using a dedicated battery to
provide enough power to the device to hold its memory
RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY
• RAM memory is rather like a whiteboard on which you can scribble down notes,
read them, and rub them out when you are finished with them
• In the computer, RAM is the working memory
• Data can be read (retrieved) from or written (stored) into RAM just by giving
the computer the address of the location where the data is stored or is to be
stored.
• Older RAM used magnetic (ferrite) cores
• Data in RAM is not permanently written, when you power off your computer
the data stored in RAM is deleted
CONT’D (SRAM)
• SRAM's store bits (1's or O's) in memory cells that are
basically flip flops
• In a logic diagram, an SRAM memory cell looks like two
cross connected NAND or NOR gates - that is, the output
of each NAND or NOR gate is connected to one input of
the other NAND or NOR gate
• The advantages of SRAM's are their very high speed and
very low power consumption – but SRAM memory cells
generally require 6 transistors
• Static Random Access Memories are the fastest type of
memory.
CONT’D (DRAM)
• DRAM's store bits in memory cells that are basically
capacitors under transistors
• The transistor is used as a relay to the capacitor, and
the capacitor stores a bit (a "1" or a "0") as either
storing charge on the capacitor or not storing charge.
• DRAM's consume more power, and are slower than
SRAM's
• But because a DRAM cell uses just one transistor
(with a capacitor) compared to 6 transistors for an
SRAM cell, a DRAM memory is much cheaper than an
SRAM memory
CONT’D
• SDRAM - Synchronous DRAM - Short for Synchronous DRAM, a type of
DRAM that can run at much higher clock speeds than conventional memory
• SDRAM actually synchronizes itself with the CPU's bus
• DDR SDRAM - Double Data Rate - Short for Double Data Rate-Synchronous
DRAM, a type of SDRAM that supports data transfers on both edges of each
clock cycle (the rising and falling edges), effectively doubling the memory chip's
data throughput
• DDR-SDRAM also consumes less power, which makes it well-suited to notebook
computers
READ ONLY MEMORY (ROM)
• In most computers, it is useful to have often used instructions, such as those used
to bootstrap (initial system load) the computer or other specialized programs,
permanently stored inside the computer
• Memory that enables us to do this without the programs and data being lost
(even when the computer is powered down) is called read-only memory
• Only the computer manufacturer can provide these programs in ROM and once
done, they cannot be changed.
• Consequently, you cannot put any of your own data or programs in ROM.
• Such programs are called microprograms or firmware.
PROM
• An alternative to ROM is programmable read only memory (PROM)
that can be purchased already programmed by the manufacturer or in
a blank state.
• By using a blank PROM, you can enter any program into the memory
• However, once the PROM has been written into, it can never be
altered or changed
EPROM
• The erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM) was developed to
overcome the drawback of PROM
• The EPROM can be erased and corrected
• EPROM is re-usable by exposing the EPROM to ultraviolet (UV) light.
• Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory (EEPROM) was
developed to replace the difficulty of reprogramming EPROM.
• EEPROM is a special type of PROM that can be erased by exposing it to an
electrical charge.
• Like other types of PROM, EEPROM retains its contents even when the power
is turned off.
PROGRAM & SOFTWARE
• A program is simply a sequence of instructions that tells the
computer to perform a particular operation
• As far as the microprocessor is concerned, each instruction comprises
a unique pattern of binary digits
CONTENTS
1) Electronic Instrument System (EIS)
2) Numbering System 20 H
3) Data Conversion
4) Data Buses
5) Logic Circuit
1,3 H/Chapter
6) Computers
7) Central Processing Unit
8) Integreted Circuit
9) MSI Logic
10) Fiber Optics
11) Display
12) Electrostatic Display
30 – 40 Q & A
13) Software
14) Electromagnetic Compability
15) Avionics System
CPU
• The brain of a computer system is the central processing unit, which we
generally refer to as the CPU
• It is the CPU that processes the data transferred to it from one of the various
input devices, and then transfers either the intermediate or final results of the
processing to one of many output devices
• A central control section and work areas are required to perform calculations or
manipulate data
• It consists of a control section, internal storage section (main or primary
memory), and arithmetic-logic section
• Each of the sections within the CPU serves a specific function and has a
particular relationship to the other sections within the CPU
REGISTER
• Registers are temporary storage places on the CPU
• A register holds data waiting to be processed by an instruction, or
data that has already been processed (say, the result of adding two
numbers together).
• The arithmetic logic unit, or ALU, acts as the CPU's calculator,
performing the math and logic functions dictated by the instructions.
EXECUTE CYCLE
• The instruction fetch grabs instructions from RAM or an area of
memory located on the CPU and feeds it to the Arithmetic Logic
Unit (ALU).
• The instruction decode takes the instruction from the fetch and
translates it so the CPU understands it. It then determines what
steps are necessary to accomplish that instruction.
• The instruction execute tells the ALU to carry-out a mathematical
sequence on the data; add, subtract, multiply, or divide.
CONTROL SECTION
• The control section manages and coordinates all the operations of the
chip.
• It lets the ALU know when to calculate, tells the fetch when to grab a
value, and tells the decoder when to translate the value into an
instruction.
• The four major types of instructions are (1) transfer, (2) arithmetic, (3)
logic, and (4) control.
ALU
• The arithmetic-logic section performs all arithmetic operations-adding,
subtracting, multiplying, and dividing
• Through its logic capability, it tests various conditions encountered during
processing and takes action based on the result.
• Specifically, data is transferred as needed from the internal storage section to the
arithmetic-logic section, processed, and returned to the internal storage section.
• At no time does processing take place in the storage section.
• Data may be transferred back and forth between these two sections several times
before processing is completed.
• The results are then transferred from internal storage to an output unit
MEMORY SECTION
• The memory (internal storage) section of a computer is essentially
an electronically operated file cabinet
• It has a large number (usually several hundred thousand) of storage
locations; each referred to as a storage register.
• Every item of data and program instruction read into the computer
during the loading process is stored or filed in a specific storage
address and is almost instantly accessible.
CONT’D
• The program counter is the register that holds the memory address of the
current instruction being executed
• Some CPUs contain a memory address register, which holds the address of the
byte being loaded
• The accumulator functions both as a source and as a destination register for
many of the basic microprocessor operations.
• As a source register it contains the data that will be used in a particular operation
whilst as a destination register it will be used to hold the result of a particular
operation.
• Status register (also called the condition codes register) which indicates various
things about the last calculation carried out.
CLOCK
• Also called clock rate, this is the speed at which a CPU executes
instructions
• Every computer contains an internal clock that regulates the rate at
which instructions are executed and synchronizes all the various
computer components
• The CPU requires a fixed number of clock ticks (or clock cycles) to
execute each instruction
• The faster the clock, the more instructions the CPU can execute per
second
CONTENTS
1) Electronic Instrument System (EIS)
2) Numbering System 20 H
3) Data Conversion
4) Data Buses
5) Logic Circuit
1,3 H/Chapter
6) Computers
7) Central Processing Unit
8) Integreted Circuit
9) MSI Logic
10) Fiber Optics
11) Display
12) Electrostatic Sensitive Devices
30 – 40 Q & A
13) Software
14) Electromagnetic Compability
15) Avionics System
ELECTROSTATIC
• Static electricity is something that we should all be familiar with in its
most awesome manifestation, lightning
• Another example of static electricity that you might have encountered
is the electric shock received when stepping out of a car.
• The synthetic materials used for clothing as well as the vehicle’s
interior are capable of producing large amounts of Static charge
which is only released when the hapless driver or passenger sets foot
on (he ground
ELECTROSTATIC SENSITIVE DEVICES
• In many of the LRUs of modern aircraft, fault diagnosis will involve changing
printed circuit boards
• These boards will contain many components which are extremely vulnerable to
static discharge
• Static electricity (an electrical charge at rest) is stored on non-conductive
materials, where an electrical discharge could take place
• The static charge is generated whenever any two materials are rubbed together
or pulled apart
• The discharge occurs because different materials receive different levels of
charge
TRIBOELECTRIC
• The accompanying list (known as the Triboelectric Series) shows the different
level of charge with respect to cotton, the reference material
• When two dissimilar non-conducting materials are rubbed together, the friction
transfers electrical charge from on material to other
• The rises the electrical potential between the material known as triboelectric
series
• The polarity and strength of the electrical charges depend primarily on the
material, surface finish, ambient temperature and humidity
• The triboelectric series classifies materials according to how readily they create
electricity when rubbed with another materials.
PRECAUTION
• An obviously important requirement is the identification of the packaging
containing ESDs and of any assembly, be it a card module or complete electronic
box, which may utilize ESDs in the circuitry.
• In cases where the connector pins of an electronic box may be susceptible to a
discharge, an additional decal is affixed near the connector as a warning to
personnel not to touch the connector pins
STATIC FREE WORKSTATION
• Typically, a station consists of a conducting work surface connected to either a
conducting mat or floor surface which, in turn, is connected to ground.
• The operatives chair or stool is also provided with a conductive seat cover and
grounded
MAINTENANCE
• the maintenance engineer will be required to handle these devices in such a way
as to avoid known and preventable causes of component failure
• The following procedures show how to identify ESDS (Electro Static Discharge
Sensitive) LRUs and the precautions for handling the units and printed circuit
boards within the units.

WARNING: USE ONLY WRIST STRAPS WITH A GROUNDING LEAD

RESISTANCE OF GREATER THAN 1 MEGOHM. INADVERTENT CONTACT
BETWEEN THE WRIST STRAP AND A HIGH VOLTAGE IS A SHOCK
HAZARD.