FUNCTION

Mappings
A mapping consists of two sets and a rule for
assigning to each element in the first set
one or more elements in the second set.
We say that A is mapped to B and write this
as

m: A  B
• Grade

Alison A
Beryl
B
Jane
C
Paula
D
Stephen

S G
 Domain and Range
A mapping consists of two sets. The
first set is called the domain and the
second set is called the codomain.

If a  A and b  B and m : A  B , we
say that a is mapped onto b and b the
image of a.
Example
Let A = { 1, 2, 3 } and B = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6 },
and let m : A  B be defined by the rule
a  2a . Draw the mapping and identify
the domain, the codomain and the range.
Functions

A function from set A to set B is a

mapping where each element in the
domain assigned to one, and only one,
element in the codomain.
many – to - one m : a  a2

-1
1
1

-2
4
2

-3
9
3
one – to - one m : a  a  2

0 2

1 3

2 4

3 5
There are several ways to state that
function f maps an element a in the
domain to an element b, in the codomain:
- f maps a into b
- the value of f at a is b
- the image of a under f is b
 Injective
A function f is injective if and only if
whenever f(x) = f (y), x = y.

Example: The function f(x) = x + 5

from the set of real numbers R to R
Example 2: The function f (x) = x2
from the set of real numbers R to R.

Surjective:
A function f is surjective if and only
for y in B, there is at least one x in A
such that f(x) = y, in other words f is
surjective if and only if f (A) = B.
Example 1:
The function f(x) = 2x from the set of
natural numbers N to the set of non-
negative even numbers.
Bijective:
A function f is bijective if, for every y
in B, there is exactly one x in A such
that f(x) = y.
 Composite Function
If f(x) = x + 1 and g(x) = x2
f g
1 2 4

2 3 9

3 4 16
Example
Given: f (x) = 2x – 1
g (x) = x2 + 7
Find:
1. ( f o g ) (x) 4. ( g o f)(-1)
2. (g o f) (x)
3. (f o g) (3)
 Inverse Function
Find the inverse function.
1. f(x) = 2x – 6

2. f (x) = x2 + 1 , x 0

3. f (x) = x4

4. f (x) = x2 – 2x – 3 , x 0
5. f(x)= 5log sqrt(2x+7)

6. f(x) = 5x
 Properties of Inverse
Function
1. f o f-1 = f-1 o f = I
2. (f o g)-1 = g-1 o f-1
3. (f o g o h)-1 = (h-1 o g-1 o f-1)
4. f o g = h f = h o g-1
fogoh=mon (f o g)-1 o(m o n)
 Example
Given f(x) = x -4, g(x)= 2x+5 and
h(x)= 1 + 1/x

a. (f o g o h)-1(x)
b. (h-1og-1of-1)(a)=2, find a.
 Limits
Approaching ...

• Sometimes we can't work something

out directly ... but we can see what it
should be as we get closer and closer!
Example

x 1
2

x 1
 x2 1
x x 1
0.5 1.5

0.9 1.9

0.99 1.99

0.999 1.999

0.9999 1.9999
……. …..
 x2 1
x x 1

1.5 2.5

1.1 2.1

1.01 2.01

1.001 2.001

1.0001 2.0001

……. …..
 Limits of Functions
1. Substitution
2. Factorization
3. Multiplying conjugate
Example
Evaluate:
x
1. lim
x 6 x 3
2. lim 4 x  3x
2
x 1
Evaluate:
x2  4
1.
lim
x2 x2

x3  8
2. lim
x2 x2
Evaluate:

2  x  2x
1. lim
x2 x2

2. lim x 2
x4
x4
Limits of Infinity