Prof. A.

Meher Prasad
Department of Civil Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras
email: prasadam@iitm.ac.in
Analysis Methods
• Uncertainty in earthquake ground shaking is large and analysis
methods that can predict response to within ± 10% are sufficiently
accurate for most purposes.

• Linear static analysis is a useful design tool for most new buildings –
but generally inadequate for evaluating response of irregular,
dynamically complex structures.

• Response spectrum analysis is useful for evaluating irregular or

dynamically complex buildings – but generally inadequate for
predicting response of significantly nonlinear structures

• Pushover analysis is useful for evaluating response of nonlinear

structures – but current methods are generally inadequate for
predicting higher mode effects
What Type of Analysis should be
Carried Out?
Analysis Type

Type of Analysis to be carried out depends on

the Structural System

– The Type of Excitation (Loads)

– The Type of Structure (Material and Geometry)
– The Type of Response
Basic Analysis Types

Excitation Structure Response Basic Analysis Type

Static Elastic Linear Linear-Elastic-Static Analysis
Static Elastic Nonlinear Nonlinear-Elastic-Static Analysis
Static Inelastic Linear Linear-Inelastic-Static Analysis
Static Inelastic Nonlinear Nonlinear-Inelastic-Static
Analysis
Dynamic Elastic Linear Linear-Elastic-Dynamic Analysis
Dynamic Elastic Nonlinear Nonlinear-Elastic-Dynamic
Analysis
Dynamic Inelastic Linear Linear-Inelastic-Dynamic
Analysis
Dynamic Inelastic Nonlinear Nonlinear-Inelastic-Dynamic
Analysis
Some More Solution Types
• Non-linear Analysis
– P-Delta Analysis
– Buckling Analysis
– Static Pushover Analysis
– Fast Non-Linear Analysis (FNA)
– Large Displacement Analysis

• Dynamic Analysis
– Free Vibration and Modal Analysis
– Response Spectrum Analysis
– Steady State Dynamic Analysis
Static Vs Dynamic

• Static Excitation
– When the Excitation (Load) does not vary rapidly with Time
– When the Load can be assumed to be applied “Slowly”
• Dynamic Excitation
– When the Excitation varies rapidly with Time
– When the “Inertial Force” becomes significant

• Most Real Excitation are Dynamic but are considered “Quasi Static”
• Most Dynamic Excitation can be converted to “Equivalent Static Loads”
Elastic Vs Inelastic

• Elastic Material
 Follows the same path during loading and unloading and returns to
initial state of deformation, stress, strain etc. after removal of load/
excitation

• Inelastic Material
 Does not follow the same path during loading and unloading and
may not returns to initial state of deformation, stress, strain etc. after
removal of load/ excitation

• Most materials exhibit both, elastic and inelastic behavior

depending upon level of loading.
Linear Vs Nonlinear

• Linearity
– The response is directly proportional to excitation
– (Deflection doubles if load is doubled)

• Non-Linearity
– The response is not directly proportional to excitation
– (deflection may become 4 times if load is doubled)

• Non-linear response may be produced by:

– Geometric Effects (Geometric non-linearity)
– Material Effects (Material non-linearity)
– Both
 Difficulties in performing conventional
seismic analysis

• Actual Time history records (Seldom Available)

• Computational difficulties in choosing and evaluating

responses from varied suite of earthquake records.

• There is no globally acceptable correlation between the

profile of an earthquake’s time history and the extent of
structural damage it can cause.

• Response of the structure doesn’t simply depends upon

the peak value of the ground acceleration, it also depends
on the systems own dynamic properties. Viz., Natural
period, Damping, Predominant Mode shapes etc.
 Brief History of Response spectrum

• First formulation for Response Spectrum Method

appeared in the Doctoral dissertation of M.A Biot
(1905- 1985).
“…. we are not interested in the motion itself of the building, bur merely in
its maximum amplitude. This maximum is the sum of the amplitudes of each
separate free oscillation. It will not always be reached because it supposes
that an instant exists for which all of the free oscillations have their maximum
deflection simultaneously. However, this maximum will many times be nearly
reached in a short time, and in any case it is the highest possible value….”

• G. W. Housner was instrumental in its wider

recognition. He used it extensively in evaluating
buildings response under seismic actions.
Typical Accelerograms

From Dynamics of Structures by

A K Chopra, Prentice Hall
Concept

• A plot of the peak value of a response quantity as a function of

the Natural vibration period Tn of the system for a given
damping ratio.

1.4

Response Quantity (Max.)

1.2
1
0.8
0.6
ζ, Tn 0.4
(Response 0.2
Spectrum 0
Analysis) 0 1 2 3 4 5
Time Period
RESPONSE OF A STRUCTRE
SUBJECTED TO ARBITRARY
LOADING
 Response to rectangular pulse force

2 2 2 2
x(t)/(xst)0 x(t)/(xst)0 x(t)/(xst)0
1 1 1

0 0 0
0.5 1 1 2 1 2
x(t)/(xst)0

ft1= 1 ft1= 1.5 ft1= 2

2
x(t)/(xst)0
1 ft1= 0. 5
0 0.2 0.5 0.75
5
1

2
x(t)/(xst)0
1
ft1= 0.25
0
0.1 0.3

2
x(t)/(xst
1 )0 ft1= 0.125
0 0.05 0.15 t/T

0.5 1 2 3
0
ft1
(a) Forced response
Free response

(b) Overall maximum

Response to rectangular pulse force: (a) maximum

response during each of forced vibration and free
vibration phases; (b) shock spectrum
 2

Response to Half-cyclic sine pulse force

2 x(t)/(xst)
1 0
2 2
t/T x(t)/(xst)0 x(t)/(xst)0
x(t)/(xst)0

0 0.2 1
0.5 0.75 1
5 t/T t/T
0 0.5
ft1= 0.5 1 1.5 2 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

ft1= 1 ft1= 3
1

x(t)/(xst)0
1
t/T
0 0.1 0.25
ft1= 0.25

2 x(t)/(xst)0
1
t/T
0 0.0 0.1 0.25
5 ft1= 0.125

1 2 3 4 5 6
0
ft1
 Response to half cycle sine pulse force (a) response maxima during
forced vibration phase; (b) maximum responses during each of forced
vibration and free vibration phases; (c) shock spectrum
 2ft1 4ft
1
ft1

t1

t1

t1
ft1

Shock spectra for three force pulses of equal magnitude

 Effect of a sequence of Impulses

I
Suppose that t1 = T/2
t1
I
t
I/mp
x(t)
Effect of first pulse

x(t) I/mp
Effect of second pulse
x(t) 2I/mp
Combined effect of two pulses
t
Effect of a sequence of Impulses

• For n equal impulses, of successively opposite signs, spaced at

intervals t1 = T / 2 and xmax = n I/(mp) (64)

• For n equal impulses of the same sign, the above equation holds
when the pulses are spaced at interval t1 = T

• For n unequal impulses spaced at the critical spacing noted

above, xmax = Σ Ij /(mp) (65)
(summation over j for 1 to n). Where Ij is the magnitude of the jth
impulse

• If spacing of impulses are different, the effects are combined

vectorially
GROUND EXCITED SYSTEMS
 Dynamic Equations of Motion

Force excited system

 m x  c  x   K  x  P  t 
Ground excited system

 mu  c u   K u   mxg 

where u
is the relative displacement of the
structure w.r.t ground.
Ground Acceleration vector

x   1  x  1  x  1  x
g x gx y gy z gz

are the ground accelerations in x,y,z

where, x
gx x gy xgz directions respectively.

x gy x gx 1x  ,1y  ,1z  are null vectors except that those

elements are equal to 1, which
x gz corresponds to x,y,z translational
Non-moving
reference DOF.
Modal Superposition applied to Ground Excited System

u    j q j  t 
n
Let
j 1

System equations reduce to following uncoupled equations

q j  2 j p j q j  t   p j 2 q j  t    p j 2 C jx xgx  C jy xgy  C jz xgz 

where participation factors,

 
 
 j   I xy 
 
T
 m
1 
 z 

C jx  2
jy p j  T  m  
jz j j

Note: aj = bj = 0 since initial conditions are zero i.e u0   u0   0
Solution to uncoupled equation of motion can be expressed as,
q j (t )  C jx Ajx (t )  C jy Ajy (t )  C jz Ajz (t )
 pj t
 j p j ( t  )
where Aj x 
y
1  j 2  xg x ( )e
0
y
sin  pdj (t   )  d
z z

Maximum values of Ai x  Sa x ( j , T j )
y y
z z

q j max  C jx Sax ( j , T j )  C jy Say ( j , T j )  C jz Saz ( j , T j )

The maximum relative displacement of the i th DOF in the j th mod e is
(U ij ) max  ij q j max
In general , for design the response quantities of interest are:
Equivalent lateral loads
Storey shears
R = maximum values of (u , fs , Δ, V, M) Storey Moments

Relative displacements Storey drifts

Modal Mass
For a MDOF linear system vibrating in the ith mode under seismic
excitation. The displacement of mass mj at the jth storey ( uji) will be given
by
u ji (t )   ji qi (t )

Acceleration of mass mj will be

 ji qi (t )   ji i 2 qi (t )

Force acting on the mass will be

Fji  m j  ji qi  m j  ji i 2 qi
Substituting qi
t
Fji  [m j  ji Pi ]i  ug ()e (t ) sin i (t  )d 
i

m ji  m j  ji Pi
 m ji  m j  ji Pi
n
 m j  ji
j 1
Where, Pi : Mode Participation Factor, Pi 
 m j   ji 
n 2

j 1
Here, Considering all modes, Modal Mass is
2
 n 
  m j  ji 
Mi   n 
j 1

 j  ji 
2
m 
j 1

Sum of modal masses of all storey in all modes must be equal to the total
Mass (M*) of the structure

n n
  M ji  M *
j i i 1
Modal combination rules

1) SRSS
2) CQC
3) Double Sum
4) Grouping
**Since the maximum response in each mode would not
necessarily occur at the same instant of time, over
conservative to add separate modal maximum responses.
SRSS :

Square Root of Sum of Squares .It gives most probable maximum

response. N
R (  R 2j )
j 1

Serious errors for closely spaced frequencies and for 3-D

structures ,which include torsional contribution.
CQC :
Complete Quadratic Combination Rule (Wilson, Der Kiureghion &
Baya 1981). It is based on random vibration theory.

N N
R (   Ri ij R j )
i 1 j 1

where Ri are the maximum responses inthe i th and j thmodes

j

8( i j ) 2 ( i   j ) 
1 3
2
pj
 ij  ; 
(1   )  4 i j  (1   )  4(   ) 
2 2 2
i
2 2
j
2
pi

Note: All cross modal terms included very good agreement with full
modal superposition extra computation minimal.
RESPONSE SPECTRUM
Response Spectrum

• If the ground moves as per the given accelerogram, what is the

maximum response of a single degree of freedom (SDOF) system
(of given natural period and damping)?

– Response may mean any quantity of interest, e.g., deformation,

acceleration

0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
acc,(g)

0 T=2 sec,
-0.1 0 5 10 15
-0.2 Damping ξ=2%
-0.3
-0.4
Time, sec
Time (sec)

Ground motion time history

Response Spectrum (contd…)

Maximum response = 27.5mm

40
30
20
10 T=2 sec,
u(t)

0
Damping  =2%
-10 0 5 10 15
-20
-27.49948 Time, sec
-30
-40
Time (sec)

Response time History of Deformation (Relative displacement of

mass with respect to base) response
Response Spectrum (contd…)

• Repeat this exercise for different values of natural period.

• For design, we usually need only the maximum response.

• Hence, for future use, plot maximum response versus natural

period (for a given value of damping).

• Such a plot of maximum response versus natural period for a given

accelerogram is called Response Spectrum.
Response Time History for different system under same
Ground Motion
40
30
20
10

u (t) mm
T=0.5 sec 0
-10 0 5 10 15
 =2% -20
-30
-40 -36.34827
-50
Time (sec)

60

40

T=1.0 sec 20
u (t) mm

 =2% 0
0 5 10 15
-20

-40
-45.47712
-60
Time (sec)

80
69.03652
60
40
T=2.0 sec 20
u (t) mm

 =2% 0
-20 0 5 10 15
-40
-60
-80
Time (sec)
Deformation Response Spectrum from the Response
time History
140

120

100

80
D=u , mm

69.3652
60

45.477
40
36.348257

20

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
Tn, sec
Spectral quantities

• The maximum Base Shear that a system could

experience could be represented as

VB,max= k . umax

umax : Maximum relative displacement / Spectral

Displacement (SD)

• Maximum Strain energy Emax in the given system during

ground shaking

1 2 1 1
Emax= ku max  k  SD   k   PSV 
2 2

2 2 2
PSV :- Pseudo spectral Velocity
 • The maximum Base Shear that a system could
experience could be represented as

VB,max= k . SD =m ω2 SD = m PSA

PSA :- Pseudo spectral Acceleration

“Pseudo”* :- Because they are not velocity and acceleration per

se , but they have the units of velocity and acceleration

Other important spectral quantities :-

Spectral velocity = u '(t ) max t

Spectral acceleration = u ''(t )  u g ''(t ) max t

Deformation spectra

1.Obtained from results already presented

2.Presentation of results in alternate forms
(a) In terms of U
(b) In terms of V
(c) In terms of A
3.Tripartite Logarithmic Plot
 Generation of results

• General form of spectrum is as shown in next slide

(a) It approaches V= y0 at the extreme left; value of A  y0 at the

extreme right ; it exhibits a hump on either side of the nearly
horizontal central portion; and attains maximum values of U, V and
A, which may be materially greater than the values of y0 , y0 and y0
respectively.
(b) It is assumed that the acceleration force of the ground motion,
and hence the associated velocity and displacement
forces, are smooth continuous functions.
(c) The high frequency limit of the response spectrum for discontinuous
acceleration inputs may be significantly higher than the value referred
to above, and the information presented should not be applied to such
inputs.
General form of spectrum
Limits of the Spectra:-
Stiff system (T→0 , ω→ Large):-
• Does not undergo relative deformation, moves bodily with the
ground.
SD≈0
SV≈0
SA≈ Max. Ground acceleration = u g ''(t ) max t
Acceleration spectrum gives maximum ground acceleration
corresponding to the acceleration value for T=0

Flexible system (T→∞ , ω→small):-

• Mass under rapid ground motion does not get a chance to
move.

SD≈ ug (t ) max
t

SV≈Maximum ground velocity = ug '(t ) max t

SA→small
 ζ=0

ζ=2%

ζ=5%

ζ=10%

Acceleration spectra for an elastic system: El-Centro Earthquake

Spectral Regions

The characteristics of the ground motion which control the deformation of

SOF systems are different for different systems and excitations. The
characteristics can be defined by reference to the response spectrum for
the particular ground motion under consideration .

Systems the natural frequency of which corresponds to the

Inclined left-hand portion of the spectrum are defined as low-frequency
systems;
Systems with natural frequencies corresponding to the nearly horizontal
control region will be referred to as a medium-frequency systems ; and
Systems with natural frequencies corresponding to the inclined right
handed portion will be referred to as high-frequency systems.
Spectral Regions…

Minor differences in these characteristics may have a significant effect on

the magnitude of the deformation induced.

Low frequency systems are displacement sensitive in the sense that their
maximum deformation is controlled by the characteristics of the
displacement trace of the ground motion and are insensitive to the
characteristics of an associated velocity and displacement trace:

Ground motions with significantly different acceleration and velocity traces

out comparable displacement traces induce comparable maximum
deformations in such systems.
Spectral Regions…

The boundaries of the various frequency regions are different

for different excitations and, for an excitation of a particular
form, they are a function of the duration of the motion.

It follows that a system of a given natural frequency may be

displacement sensitive, velocity sensitive or acceleration
sensitive depending on the characteristics of the excitation to
which it is subjected .
Logarithmic plot of Deformation Spectra

It is convenient to display the spectra or a log-log paper, with the

abscissa representing the natural frequency of the system,”f ” (or some
dimensionless measure of it) and the ordinate representing the pseudo
velocity ,V (in a dimensional or dimensionless form).

On such a plot ,diagonal lines extending upward from left to right

represent constant values of U, and diagonal lines extending downward
from left to right represent constant values of A. From a single plot of
this type it is thus possible to read the values of all three quantities.

Advantages:
• The response spectrum can be approximated more readily and
accurately in terms of all three quantities rather than in terms of a
single quantity and an arithmetic plot.
• In certain regions of the spectrum the spectral deformations can more
conveniently be expressed indirectly in terms of V or A rather than
directly in terms of U. All these values can be read off directly from the
logarithmic plot.
Logarithmic plot of Deformation Spectra

Velocity
sensitive
Displacement
sensitive V0
D0 y0
Acceleration
V y0 y0 sensitive
Log
scale A0

U
A

Natural Frequency, f (Log scale)

General form of spectrum

Design Spectrum

xmax A
May be determined from the spectrum by interpreting as
 xst 0 y
When displayed on a logarithmic paper with the ordinate representing V and
the abscissa f, this spectrum may be approximated as follows:

(Log scale)

=1.5

(Log scale)
Application to Complex Ground Motions

• Compound Pulses
• Earthquake Records
Eureka record
El-Centro record

Design Spectrum
Minimum number of parameters required to characterize the design
ground motion
• Max valuesy , of
y and y
• The predominant frequency (or deviation) of the dominant
pulses
• The degree of periodicity
•Dependence of these characteristics on
• Local soil conditions
• Epicentral distance and
• Severity of ground shaking
Effect of damping:

• Effect is different in different frequency ranges

• Effect is negligible in the extremely low frequency regime (U = y0)
..
and extreme high frequency ranges (A = y0).
..
u + p2u = y0(t)
.. ..
low frequency u = y(t) u0 = y0
2
.. ..
high frequency p u = A(t) = y(t) A = y0
Eureka, California earthquake of Dec 21,1954 S 11o E
component.
Eureka Quake
Elcentro ,California Earthquake of May 18,1940,N-S component
 V
= pseudo velocity
Yc Maximum Ground Velocity

Undamped Natural Frequency, f, cps

Further discussion of Design Response Spectra

The specification of the design spectrum by the procedure that has

been described involves the following basic steps:

1. Estimating the maximum values of the ground acceleration,

ground velocity and ground displacement. The relationship
.. .
between y0, y0, y0 is normally based on a statistical study of
existing earthquake records. In the Newmark – Blume – Kapur
paper (“Seismic Design spectra for Nuclear Power Plants”, Jr. of
Power Division, ASCE, Nov 1973, pp 287-303) the following
relationship is used.

0.3 m : 0.7 m/sec : 1g for rock

0.9 m : 1.2 m/sec : 1g for Alluvium

2. Estimating the maximum spectral amplification factors, αD, αV, αA ;
for the various parts of the spectrum.

Again these may be based on statistical studies of the respective

spectra corresponding to existing earthquake records.

The results will be a function not only of the damping forces of the
system but also of the cumulative probability level considered.
Following are the values proposed in a recent unpublished paper
by Newmark & Hall for horizontal motions:

Damping One sigma (84.1%) Median (50%)

%critical αD αV αA αD αV αA
0.5 3.04 3.84 5.10 2.01 2.59 3.65
1 2.73 3.38 4.38 1.82 2.31 3.21
2 2.42 2.92 3.66 1.63 2.03 2.74
3 2.24 2.64 3.24 1.52 1.86 2.46
5 2.01 2.30 2.71 1.39 1.65 2.12
7 1.85 2.08 2.36 1.29 1.51 1.89
10 1.69 1.84 1.99 1.20 1.37 1.64
20 1.38 1.37 1.26 1.01 1.08 1.17
Ground Acceleration

• Number of empirical relations available in literature to correlate

shaking intensity with Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA)

• Table on next slide gives some of these values.

• Notice that the table gives

– Average values of PGA; real values may be higher or lower

– There is considerable variation even in the average values
by different empirical relations.
Table

Average horizontal peak ground acceleration as a function of earthquake intensity

Intensity (MM Acceleration (as a fraction of g)

Scale)
Empirical Relations

Gutenberg Newmann, Trifunac and Trifunac and Newmann, Murphy

and 1954 Brady, 1975 Brady, 1977 1977 (revised and
Richter, (revised by by Murphy O’Brien,
1956 Murphy and and O’Brien, 1977
O’Brien, 1977)
1977)

V 0.015 0.032 0.031 0.021 0.022 0.032

VI 0.032 0.064 0.061 0.046 0.053 0.056

VII 0.068 0.13 0.12 0.10 0.13 0.10

VIII 0.146 0.26 0.24 0.23 0.30 0.18

IX 0.314 0.54 0.48 0.52 0.72 0.32

Ground Acceleration

• ZPA stands for Zero Period Acceleration.

– Implies max acceleration experienced by a structure having zero
natural period (T=0).

Zero Period Acceleration

• An infinitely rigid structure

– Has zero natural period (T=0)
– Does not deform:
• No relative motion between its mass and its base
• Mass has same acceleration as of the ground
• Hence, ZPA is same as Peak Ground Acceleration
Sa

Definition of Zero Period Acceleration

0.33 sec (33 Hz)

Example: Determine the response spectrum for a design earthquake
with y  0.3g ye  0.3 m / sec and y0  0.25 m. Take   0.05 and use the
amplification factors given in the preceding page. Take the knee of
amplified constant acceleration point of this spectrum at 8 cps and the
point beyond which A  y0 at 25 cps

d 0.3 x 2.30 = 0.69

e
0.3g x 2.71 =0.813 g
2.3

 m/sec
y0 =0.3 2.71
f
A = 0.3g
V 2.01
y0 =0.3g 0.3g
C = 0.3
y0=0.25 m
Q = 0.3W
  0.05
Y=0.00127

0.22 cps 1.81 cps 8 cps 25 cps

f

Note: In the spectra recommended in the Newmark – Blume -Kapur

paper, the line de slope upward to the left and the line of slopes
further downward to the right
Design Earthquakes
Describing the Earthquake

Ground Motion Time Histories

 Ground motion time histories are numerical descriptions of how a certain

ground motion parameter, such as acceleration, varies with time.

 They provide a full description of the earthquake motion, unlike response spectra,
as they show duration as well as amplitude and frequency content.

 They are usually expressed as plots of the ground motion parameter versus time,
but consist of discrete parameter-time pairs of values.

 Idealized time histories are sometimes represented by simple mathematical

functions such as sine waves, but real earthquake motions are far too complex
to be represented mathematically.

 There are two general types of time histories:

- Recorded (often referred to as historical records)
- Artificial
 Statistically Derived Design Spectra

 The general procedure for generating statistically derived spectra is as follows:

 Classes of ground motions are selected (based on soil, magnitude, distance, etc.)

 Response spectra for a large number of corresponding ground motions are

generated and averaged

 Curves are fit to match computed mean spectra

 Resulting equations are used to develop a design response spectrum with desired
probability of exceedence
Effect of various factors on spectral values
Soil Conditions

 For soft soils, ag remains the same or

decreases relative to firm soil,but
vg and dg increase, generally.

 Layers of soft clay, such as the Young

Bay Mud found in the San Francisco
Bay area, can also act as a filter,
and will amplify motion at the period
close to the natural period of the soil
deposit.

 Layers of deep, stiff clay can also have

a large effect on site response.

 For more information on site effects, see

Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering
by Kramer.
Effect of various factors on spectral values
Near Fault Motions and Fault Rupture Directivity
For near-fault motions ag increases,
but vg increases more dramatically due to
effect of a long period pulse.

This pulse is generally most severe in the

fault normal direction (as it can cause fling),
but significant displacement also occurs in
the fault parallel direction.

The fault parallel direction usually

has much lower spectral acceleration and
velocity values than the fault normal direction.

Sample waveforms are located in a

previous section of the notes,
Factors Influencing Motion at a Site.

No matter the directivity, however,

the motions very close to the
fault rupture tend to be more severe
than those located at moderate distances.
Effect of various factors on spectral values
Near Fault Motions and Fault Rupture Directivity (Cont..)

Somerville et al. have developed a

relationship which converts mean
spectral values generated from
attenuation relationships to either the
fault parallel or fault normal component
of ground motion.

See the shift of the spectrum in the

long period range.
Effect of various factors on spectral values
Viscous Damping

Friction between and with structural and non-structural elements

Localized yielding due to stress concentrations and residual stresses

under low loading and gross yielding under higher loads

Energy radiation through foundation

Aeroelastic damping

Viscous damping

Analytical modeling errors

Effect of various factors on spectral values
Viscous Damping

 Viscous Damping Values for Design

 Many codes stipulate 5% viscous damping unless a more properly

substantiated value can be used.

 Note that actual damping values for many systems, even at higher
levels of excitation are less than 5%.
Effect of Various Factors on Spectral Values
Modifying the Viscous Damping of Spectra

Newmark and Hall's Method

For each range of the spectrum, the spectral values are multiplied by the ratio
of the response amplification factor for the desired level of damping to the
response amplification factor for the current level of damping.

 Consider if we have a median spectrum

at 5% viscous damping and we would
like it at x%.

 If the 5% Joyner and Boore

Sv value is 60 cm/sec on the descending
branch, an estimate of the 2% Sv value
is 60x(2.03/1.65) = change 60x1.47
= 88 cm/sec
RESPONSE SPECTRUM – IS 1893:2016
Response Spectrum (contd…)

• Different terms used in the code:

– Design Acceleration Spectrum (Clause 3.4)

– Response Spectrum (Clause 3.22)
– Design Spectrum (title of Clause 6.4)
– Structural Response Factor
– Design acceleration coefficient (see terminology of Sa/g on p. 09)
– Floor Response spectrum (Cl 3.9)
– Fig. 2: Spectra for Response Spectrum Method
Smooth Response Spectrum

• Real spectrum has somewhat irregular shape with local peaks and
valleys

• For design purpose, local peaks and valleys should be ignored

– Since natural period cannot be calculated with that much

accuracy.

• Hence, smooth response spectrum used for design purposes

• For developing design spectra, one also needs to consider other

issues.
Smooth Response Spectrum (contd…)

Period (sec) Period (sec) Period (sec)

Acceleration Spectra Velocity Spectra Displacement Spectra

Shown here are typical smooth spectra used in design for different values
of damping (Fig. from Housner, 1970)
Response Spectrum versus Design Spectrum

• Consider the Acceleration Response Spectrum

• Notice the region of red circle marked: a slight change in natural
period can lead to large variation in maximum acceleration

Spectral Acceleration, g

Undamped Natural Period T (sec)

Response Spectrum versus Design Spectrum (contd…)

• Natural period of a civil engineering structure cannot be calculated

precisely

• Design specifications should not be very sensitive to a small change

in natural period.

• Hence, design spectrum is a smooth or average shape without local

peaks and valleys you see in the response spectrum
Design Spectrum (contd…)

• Design Spectrum must be accompanied by:

– Load factors or permissible stresses that must be used

• Different choice of load factors will give different seismic
safety to the structure

– Damping to be used in design

• Variation in the value of damping used will affect the design
force.

– Method of calculation of natural period

• Depending on modeling assumptions, one can get different
values of natural period.

– Type of detailing for ductility

• Design force can be lowered if structure has higher ductility.
Design Spectrum (contd…)

• IS 1893: 2016 code provides two different design spectrum for two
methods
– Seismic Coefficient Method (static method), and
– Response Spectrum Method (dynamic method)

Design Acceleration coefficient (Sa/g) corresponding to 5% Damping

Soil Effect

• Recorded earthquake motions show that response spectrum shape

differs for different type of soil profile at the site

Period (sec)

Fig. from Geotechnical Earthquake

Engineering, by Kramer, 1996
Shape of Design Spectrum

• The three curves in Fig. 2 have been drawn based on general trends
of average response spectra shapes.

• In recent years, the US codes (UBC, NEHRP and IBC) have

provided more sophistication wherein the shape of design spectrum
varies from area to area depending on the ground motion
characteristics expected.
IS1893:2016

 Local soil profile reflected through a different design spectrum for Rock , Soil
 Normalized for Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) of 1.0

Rocky or hard sites,

1 + 15 T 0.00 ≤ T ≤ 0.10
Sa / g = 2.50 0.10 ≤ T ≤ 0.40
1.00 / T 0.40 ≤ T ≤ 4.00
0.25 T>4.00

Medium soil sites,

1 + 15 T 0.00 ≤ T ≤ 0.10
Sa / g = 2.50 0.10 ≤ T ≤ 0.55
1.36 / T 0.55 ≤ T ≤ 4.00
0.34 T> 4.00

Soft soil sites,

1 + 15 T 0.00 ≤ T ≤ 0.10
Sa / g = 2.50 0.10 ≤ T ≤ 0.67
1.67 / T 0.67 ≤ T ≤ 4.00
0.42 T>4.00
Floor Response Spectrum

• Equipment located on a floor needs to be designed for the motion

experienced by the floor.

• Hence, the procedure for equipment will be:

– Analyze the building for the ground motion.

– Obtain response of the floor.
– Express the floor response in terms of spectrum (termed as
Floor Response Spectrum)
– Design the equipment and its connections with the floor as per
Floor Response Spectrum.
Modes to be considered
• For best results as many modes are required to adequately capture
the dynamic response of the building need to be considered.

• As per IS 1893: 2016, number of modes to be considered such that

– The highest mode considered corresponds to the peak ground

acceleration, also called zero peak acceleration, usually taken to be the
value of the spectral acceleration at 0.33 secs natural period

– 90% of the total seismic mass is included in each principal direction, i.e.,
the sum total of modal masses Mn of all modes considered must be at
least 90% of the total seismic mass

– The inclusion of higher modes does not increase the response by more
than 10 %
Missing Mass Correction
Consider Moment Resisting Frame with strong basement walls built
monolithically into the frame columns and its corresponding first three
modes.

Stiff
Basement Stiff

Mode 1 Mode 2 Mode 3

Missing Mass Correction
• The first three modes of this building do not excite the
mass of the stiff floors.

• These masses gets excited only at the very higher

modes.

• To capture the dynamic response of this building

properly
– Consider all modes
– Consider only first few modes and apply missing
mass correction
 Missing Mass Correction
• The missing mass correction is applied as below

– Obtain the modal masses at each floor due to each of the modes
considered.

– Obtain the sum of these modal masses due to all modes

considered at each floor.

– Obtain the differences of the total seismic mass at each floor

and the corresponding sum of all modal masses due to all
modes.

– Conduct another analysis with forces applies at the various

floors being the missing masses multiplies by peak ground
acceleration in the acceleration spectrum.
 ≈0
≈0
≈0
≈0
≈0
Mmissing.PGA
Mmissing= Mactual – (Contribution due
to modal mass for modes Mmissing.PGA
considered)
Mmissing.PGA

Missing masses Missing Mass

Correction forces
Role of Ductility
Elasto Plastic Force Elasto Plastic system and its
Deformation relation corresponding linear system
Design Values of normalized yield Strength
Construction of Elastic Design Spectrum
Construction of Inelastic Design Spectrum
Response of Elastoplastic system to Elcentro Ground motion
Empirically Derived Design Spectra
Basic Concepts

 The complexity of the previous methods, and the limited number of

records available two decades ago, led many investigators to develop
empirical methods for developing design spectrum from estimates of
peak or effective ground motion parameters.

 These relationships are based on the

concept that all spectra have a
characteristic shape, which is shown
here.
Empirically Derived Design Spectra
Newmark and Hall's Method

 N. M. Newmark and W. J. Hall's procedure

for developing elastic design spectra starts
with the peak values of ground acceleration,
velocity, and displacement.

 These values are used to generate a baseline

curve that the spectrum will be generated from.

 The values of peak ground acceleration and

velocity should be obtained from a A typical baseline curve plotted on
deterministic or probabilistic seismic hazard tripartite axes is shown above.
analysis

 The value of peak ground displacement is a

bit more difficult to obtain due to the lack of
reliable attenuation relationships.

 Some empirical functions utilizing the

PGA are available to provide additional
estimates of the peak ground displacement.
Empirically Derived Design Spectra (Cont..)
Newmark and Hall's Method

Structural Response Amplification Factors

Structural response amplification factors are then applied to the different

period-dependent regions of the baseline curve

Structural response amplification factors

Damping
Median + One Sigma
(% critical)
a v d a v d
1 3.21 2.31 1.82 4.38 3.38 2.73
2 2.74 2.03 1.63 3.66 2.92 2.42
3 2.46 1.86 1.52 3.24 2.64 2.24
5 2.12 1.65 1.39 2.71 2.3 2.01
7 1.89 1.51 1.29 2.36 2.08 1.85
10 1.64 1.37 1.2 1.99 1.84 1.69
20 1.17 1.08 1.01 1.26 1.37 1.38
Empirically Derived Design Spectra (Cont..)
Newmark and Hall's Method

Tripartite Plots:

Newmark and Hall's spectra are plotted on a four-way log plot called a tripartite plot.

This is made possible by the simple relation between spectral acceleration,

velocity, and displacement: Sa/w = Sv = Sdw

A tripartite plot begins as a log-log plot of spectral velocity versus period as shown.
Empirically Derived Design Spectra (Cont..)
Newmark and Hall's Method

 Then spectral acceleration and spectral displacement axes are superimposed

on the plot at 45 degree angles
Empirically Derived Design Spectra (Cont..)
Newmark and Hall's Method

 All three types of spectrum (Sa vs. T, Sv vs. T, and Sd vs. T) can be plotted
as a single graph, and three spectral values for a particular period can easily
be determined.

 The Sa, Sv, and Sd values for a period of 1 second are shown below.
Empirically Derived Design Spectra
Constructing Newmark and Hall Spectra

1. Construct ground motion 'backbone' curve using constant agmax, vgmax,

dgmax lines. Take lower bound on three curves (solid line on figure)