Prerequisites

Data Communications & Networks

Communication System
Digital Communication

Tanvir A Niazi Air University 1

 Air University

 Title : Wireless Communication

 Total Hours : 45
 Instructor : Tanvir A Niazi

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OBJECTIVE

 The objective of this course is to familiarize the

students about the fundamentals of Mobile and
Wireless Communications covering the topics
given in the course outline.

 The course will also introduce the students with

the modern trends in Mobile Communications,
WAP Applications, wireless Networks standards,
ISDN, GSM architecture, services, cellular
principles, functions and protocols.

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 COURSE CONTENTS
 Modern Wireless Communication Systems
 The Cellular Concepts
 Mobile Radio Propagation
 Modulation Techniques for mobile radio
 Multiple Access techniques for wireless Communications
 Wireless Networking
 Wireless Systems and Standards

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Text Book:
 Rappaport, Theodore S., “Wireless Communications Principles and Practice” 2/e,
Prentice Hall PTR.
 Jochen H. Schiller, “Mobile Communications”, 2nd edition © 2004, Addison-
Wesley

Reference Books:
 Ulysis Black, “Mobile & Wireless", Printice Hall Co.
 Bud Bates, "Wireless Network Communication", Mc-Graw Hill.
 Asha Melotra, "GSM System Engineering.", Artech house Inc. London.
 Demy stified, "3G - Wireless ", Mc-Graw Hill.

 Charles Perkins, “Mobile IP”

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INTRODUCTION TO
COMMUNICATION
SYSTEMS
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 Communication Systems
Introduction
Communication systems are found when ever information is
to be transmitted from one point to another, e.g. Telephone,
radio, and TV are common examples.

More complicated examples include the following Comm

systems that guide aircrafts, space crafts and automatic
trains; other provide live news coverage around the world,
often via satellite etc. and the list goes on.
Data Communication Concepts includes:
Source System
Transmission System
Destination System
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 Concept of information is central to Communications
 Message is a physical embodiment of information.
 Goal of a Communications System is to reproduce at
the destination an acceptable replication of the source
message.
 Message may be analog or digital
 Analog message
 physical quantity that varies with time & distance, usually in a
smooth and continuous fashion, e.g. voice, light intensity at
some point in a TV message.
 Digital messages
 sequence of symbols from a finite set of discrete elements, e.g.
Text printed on a page, keys you press at computer terminal.

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BASIC TERMINOLOGIES

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BASIC TERMINOLOGIES
 CHANNEL
The channel is a medium such as wire, coaxial cable, a
waveguide, an optical fiber, or a radio link through
which the tx o/p is sent.
- Ideal channel

 TRANSDUCER
CONVERTS THE ELECTRICAL SIGNAL TO THE
ORIGINAL FORM

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11
 BASIC TERMINOLOGIES
 NOISE:
THE SIGNAL IS NOT ONLY DISTORTED BY THE
CH, BUT IT IS ALSO CONTAMINATED ALONG THE
PATH BY UNDESIRABLE SIGNALS LUMPED
UNDER THE BROAD TERM NOISE, WHICH ARE
RANDOM & UNPREDICTABLE SIGNALS FROM
ANY INTERNAL & EXTERNAL SOURCE
THE MOST IMP FACTOR THAT LIMITS ON THE
RATE OF COMM & SIGNAL ATTENUATION

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HOW TO DECREASE NOISE

 ELECTRONIC FILTERS
 INCREASING THE STRENGTH OF THE SIGNAL
 SIGNAL REGNERATION
 DIGITAL & ANALOG SIGNALS REQUIRES DIFFERENT
SINAL CONDITIONERS.

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BASIC TERMINOLOGIES

 SIGNAL TO NOISE RATIO:

The (SNR) is the ratio of the signal power to the noise
power.
The CH distort the signal & noise accumulates along the
path, the signal strength decreases while the noise level
increases with distance from the TX.
Thus the SNR is continuously decreases along the CH.

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BASIC TERMINOLOGIES
AMPLIFICATION OF THE RX SIGNAL TO MAKE
UP FOR THE ATTENUATION IS OF NO AVAIL
BECAUSE THE NOISE WILL BE AMPLIFIED IN
THE SAME PROPORTION, AND THE SNR
REMAINS UNCHANGED.
FILTERS
FILTERS ARE USED TO EXTRACT NOISE FROM
THE ORIGINAL TX SIGNAL. TYPES ARE DIGITAL
& ANALOG FILTERS.

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 BASIC TERMINOLOGIES
ATTENUATION
It is not possible for the original signal level or the
quality to be transmitted over the entire length of the
media.Copper wire or even fiber optic cable will absorb
some of the signal energy as the signal travels, and
eventually the signal will be weakened to the point that
it can no longer be recognized at the receiving end. Both
the original amplitude and the signal quality will be
attenuated. Since attenuation occurs rapidly on a copper
wire the signal may be amplified or regenerated in order
to cover long distances.Fiber optic cable’s much lower
attenuation means that the original signal can be
transmitted much further before regeneration is required.
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 BASIC TERMINOLOGIES
IMPEDANCE
This is an electrical characteristic similar to the electrical resistance
that restricts the transmission of an electric signal.
The higher the impedance, the more energy is required to
send an electrical signal. This is measured in ohms.
INTERFERENCE
This is an undesired second signal that is created by the media
and then super imposes itself on the primary signal.It can come
from electrical equipment which radiates energy that passes
on to the medium.
This type of interference is typically referred to as noise.

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BASIC TERMINOLOGIES
 DIGITAL MESSAGES:
DIGITAL MESSAGES ARE CONTRUCTED WITH A FINITE
NUMBER OF SYSMOLS e.g MORSE-CODE
THEY ARE TX AS PULSES.
VARIOUS METHODS TO REPRESENTS THESE SIGNALS
• BINARY SYSTEM
• DIFFERENT VOLTAGE LEVELS
The duration of a Bit Signal determines the bit rate , the shorter the
duration of the bit signal greater the Bps rating of the signal.

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BIT RATE & BAUD RATE
 Baud is the measure of the digital or analog signaling
rates in a channel

 Bit rate is a measure of the digital bit values the

channel conveys with each baud

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 BITS PER SECOND (BPS)
Bits per second is a measure of the number of data bits
(digital 0's and 1's) transmitted each second in a
communications channel. This is sometimes referred to as
"bit rate."
Individual characters (letters, numbers, etc.), also referred to
as bytes, are composed of several bits.
While a modem's bit rate is tied to its baud rate, the two are
not the same.

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 BAUD RATE
Baud rate is a measure of the number of times per second a
signal in a communications channel varies, or makes a transition
between states (states being frequencies, voltage levels, or phase
angles).
One baud is one such change. Thus, a 300-baud modem's signal
changes state 300 times each second, while a 600- baud
modem's signal changes state 600 times per second. This does
not necessarily mean that a 300-baud and a 600-baud modem
transmit 300 and 600 bits per second.

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 DETERMINING BITS PER SECOND
Depending on the modulation technique used, a modem can
transmit one bit--or more or less than one bit--with each baud,
or change in state. Or, to put it another way, one change of
state can transmit one bit--or more or less than one bit.
When FSK is used, each baud (which is, a gain, a change in
state) transmits one bit; only one change in state is required to
send a bit. Thus, the modem's bps rate is also 300:

300 bauds per second X 1 bit per

baud = 300 bps

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Now, consider a hypothetical 300-baud modem using a modulation
technique that requires two changes in state to send one bit, which can
also be viewed as 1/2 bit per baud. Such a modem's bps rate would be
150 bps:
300 bauds per second X 1/2 bits per baud
= 150 bps
To look at it another way, bits per second can
also be obtained by dividing the modem's baud
rate by the number of changes in state, or
bauds, required to send one bit:
300 baud
--------------- = 150 bps
2 bauds per bit
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Medium- and high-speed modems use baud rates that are lower
than their bps rates. Along with this, however, they use multiple-
state modulation to send more than one bit per baud.
For example
1200 bps modems that conform to the Bell 212A standard (which includes most 1200
bps modems used in the U.S.) operate at 300 baud and use a modulation technique
called phase modulation that transmits four bits per baud

300 baud X 4 bits per baud = 1200 bps

or 300 baud
------------------ = 1200 bps
1/4 baud per bit

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Similarly, 2400 bps modems that conform to the CCITT V.22 recommendation
(virtually all of them) actually use a baud rate of 600 when they operate at 2400
bps. However, they also use a modulation technique that transmits four bits per
baud:
600 baud X 4 bits per baud = 2400 bps
or
600 baud
------------------ = 2400 bps
1/4 baud per bit

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 Characters per second (cps)
Characters per second is the number of characters (letters, numbers, spaces,
and symbols) transmitted over a communications channel in one second.
Cps is often the bottom line in rating data transmission speed, and a more
convenient way of thinking about data transfer than baud- or bit-rate.

Determining the number of characters transmitted per second is easy:

simply divide the bps rate by the number of bits per character

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So, in asynchronous data communication, the number of bits per character is usually
10 (either 7 data bits, plus a parity bit, plus a start bit and a stop bit, or 8 data bits
plus a start bit and a stop bit). Thus:
300 bps
------------------ = 30 characters per/s
10 bits per character

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  ANALOG MESSAGES:
Analog messages are x-itised by data whose value varies
over a continuous range e.g
speech waveform.
they are tx as wave form.
analog channels are normally broad band

 ANALOG-TO-DIGITAL CONVERSION
SAMPLING
QUANTIZATION

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FREQUENCY
 The rate of change of the signal is its frequency in cycles per second or
hertz (Hz)
 Frequency = velocity/wavelength
 signal power is more at lower frequency as far as human voice is
concerned

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 BASIC TERMINOLOGIES
BANDWITH
The bandwidth of a CH is the range of frequencies that it can
transmit with reasonable fidelity

Different media are able to transmit different volumes of information per unit of time.
This is usually quoted in bits per second.Bandwidth is effected by inherent noise in
the line. Which ultimately determines how small a pulse or signal level change can be
transmitted. Coaxial cable has a higher bandwidth as compared to twisted pair cable.
Fiber optic cable has a very high bandwidth .

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BANDWIDTH VERSUS LENGTH

B
A
N
D
W
I
D
T
H

DISTANCE
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 BASIC TERMINOLOGIES
 FACTORS EFFECTING SIGNAL TX
BANDWIDTH
SIGNAL POWER
LARGER SNR

 BASEBAND SIGNAL
If the data is non-electrical (human voice, television picture) it
must be converted into an electrical waveform by an i/p
transducer. this converted electrical waveform is referred to as
the baseband signal or the message signal.

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33
 BASIC TERMINOLOGIES

 MODULATION
BASEBAND SIGNALS TX FROM VARIOUS SOURCES
ARE NOT SUITABLE FOR DIRECT TX OVER A CH.
MODULATION IS A TECHNIQUE IN WHICH A BASEBAND
SIGNAL IS MIXED WITH A CARRIER SIGNAL OF HIGH
FREQUENCY FOR TX.
EASE OF RADIATION (TX ANTENNA 1/10, F  )
SIMULTANEOUS TX OF SEVERAL SIGNALS
TIME DOMAIN & FREQUENCY DOMAIN

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ANALOG MODULATION & DIGITAL MODULATION
CARRIER IN BOTH THE CASES IS ANALOG MOST OF THE
TIMES
TYPES OF ANALOG MODULATION
* AM MODULATION
* FM MODULATION
* PHASE MODULATION
TYPES OF ANALOG MODULATION
* ASK
* FSK
* PSK
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 BASIC TERMINOLOGIES

 AMPLITUDE MODULATION
AM is the oldest form of signal modulation. Tx & Rx equipments
are cheap. AM signal ` has a constant frequency but varies in
amplitude over time to convey info.
INEXPENSIVE

DISADVANTAGES
Long Distance Comm, Requires Noise shielding
Noise Interference (Amplifiers)

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 BASIC TERMINOLOGIES
 FREQUENCY MODULATION
Requires sophisticated HW. A FM signal has a constant
amplitude but varies in frequency. Quality is good.

DISADVANTAGES
Wider bandwidth

Line of sight.

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INTRODUCTION TO
NETWORKS

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Objectives
After completing this chapter you will be able to:

 Under stand networking concept and

benefits
 Identify basic network components
 Recognize different types of network
 Describe Local Area Networks (LANs) and
Wide Area Networks (WANs)
 Understand LAN topologies.

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 What is a Network
 Network consist of computers, printers, scanners, CD-
ROM drivers and other devices connected together over
some kind of communication medium.
 Each computer connected to the communication medium
with a network adapter, called Network Interface Card.

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What is a Network
 Computer networking is a combination of
software, hardware and cable that joins
computers together to share resource such as
data, messages, printer, graphics, fax machines,
modems and other devices.

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 Need for Networking
Network provides following advantages:
 Allows common files to be shared from a central location
among multiple users.
 Allows sharing of devices such as printer, faxes, modems
and scanner etc.
 Add to the security of an organization by requiring users
to log on.
 Allow important files to be managed and backed up from
a central location.

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Tahir Iqbal, Air University 43
 LAN Introduction
 Serves users in a relatively small area, such as
one floor of a large office complex or the offices
and warehouse of a small company.
 WANs can span cities, countries and continents
by incorporated dedicated network devices such
as bridges and routers, which connect LANs
together using public communication carrier.

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Tahir Iqbal, Air University 45
LAN Functionality
LANs are used to share information and
hardware devices.

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 Data Sharing before networks
Before network were implemented, people
could share data in three basic ways listed
below:
 Voice communication
 Memos
 Copying information to a physical medium and
passes it on to another user. (affectionately known
as sneakernet)

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 Data Sharing - With Networks
Offers many benefits to the user community.
 Reduce computing cost by sharing data and peripherals
such as printers.
 Reduces support cost by establishing corporate standards
for applications.
 Centralizes the installation, management and upgrade of
application’s software.
 Accelerates access to corporate data.
 Increases security by requiring users to enter a user name
and password to access the network.

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Advantages
 Reducing computing costs by sharing data and
peripherals such as printers.
 Reducing support costs by establishing
corporate standards for applications.
 Increasing communication and scheduling
capabilities.
 Accelerating access to corporate data.

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 LAN
THERE ARE THREE ROLES FOR COMPUTERS IN A LOCAL AREA
NETWORK
 CLIENT : WHICH USE BUT DO NOT PROVIDE
NETWORK RESOURCES
 PEER : WHICH BOTH USE & PROVIDE
NETWORK RESOURCES
 SERVERS : WHICH PROVIDES NETWORK
RESOURCES

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Client
A client is a stand alone computer that gathers
data from a user and prepares it for the server.
The client accesses the shared resources
provided by a server.

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BASED ON THE ROLE OF THE COMPUTERS
ATTACHED, NETWORKS ARE DIVIDED IN TO
THREE TYPES

 SERVER BASED NETWORKS

 PEER NETWORKS
 HYBRID NETWORKS

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 Peer to Peer Networking: Features
Features:
 No centralized server
 Each node can be client or server
 No centralized security or administration work as workgroup
(10 Pc)
 Operating systems providing peer-to-peer networking are:
 Windows 95
 Windows NT
 Windows for workgroups

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Peer to Peer Networking:
Features

Networking models - Peer-to-peer network

 Each client on a network to communicate directly with all other
clients.
 Each computer performs as both a server with software and devices
to share a client the requests network services.
 Access to individual resources can be controlled if the user who
shared the resources requires a PW to access it.
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56
Advantages: Peer to peer
 Easy to install
 Inexpensive
 Network operating system is not required
 Local control is maintained by users
 Network support is minimal, no network
administrator is required.
 No reliance on other computers for their op

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Disadvantages: Peer to peer
 Weak network security
 Multiple password may be required
 No centralized policy for formatting or record
keeping
 Back up data on multiple computers can be a
problem
 Lack of central management, which makes
large peer Networks hard to work with.

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Server Based Network

In server based network environment, all

communication pass through the server,
which is a very powerful computer
optimized for sharing resources. Servers
are “dedicated” to servicing client
requests and ensuring network security
for directories and files.

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Server Based Network

Due to the varied requirements imposed on today’s network,

specialized servers, which are specifically optimized for certain
tasks, have emerged along with operating systems.

Note: More than one type of specialized server software can be

installed on a server
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Server Based Network

Work stations rely on the services the server provides, such

as file storage, printing. Client computers are less powerful
than peer or server computers.
Domains in win NT (PDC & BDC)

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62
 Advantages : Server based
 Data can be centrally controlled and managed. A
good example of central administration is sharing
files on Windows NT server through windows
explorer. To share a server folder, right click the
folder in windows explorer and select sharing.
 Shared resources and users can be centrally
managed.

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 Advantages : Server based

 A single user name and password can be used for network wide
access.
 File access to server-based files is usually quicker.
 Security can be applied and managed by one administrator.

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Advantages: Server Based
 Data back up can be scheduled and
managed more efficiently
 Thousands of users can be supported.
 Disk mirroring can be used on the server to
provide fault tolerance for user and system
data. A duplicate of all data is available online
in case the primary data storage area fails to
respond to client requests.

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Disadvantages: Server Based
 A dedicated NOS must be purchased and
installed. Expensive HW.
 A dedicated network administrator is necessary
for larger networks
 A server failure can result in the entire network
becoming unusable.

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COMBINATION
NETWORKING

Combination networking represents a combination of a

server-based operating systems such as Windows NT
server and a peer to peer operating system such as
Windows 95 (Domains & workgroup). The NOS
handles main application and data storage, while the
local operating system provides access to some
required personal data on local system.
Network users do not have to log on to the Dc to access
workgroup resources being shared by peers

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Combination Networking

Combination network incorporates the benefits

of both types of network, and it retains the
disadvantages of the server-based network.

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SELECTING THE RIGHT NETWORK TYPE

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