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The human SEXUALITY
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
The Sperm
External Genitalia
 Female External Organs
A. Mons veneris – protects symphysis
B. Labia majora – covers, protects labia minora
C. Labia minora – two located within labia majora
D. Clitoris – small erectile tissue
E. Hymen – thin membrane at opening of vagina
F. Urinary meatus – opening of urethra
G. Bartholins glands – producer of alkaline
secretions that enhances sperm motility,
viability.
Vagina – outlet for menstrual flow, depository of
semen, lower birth canal
Cervix – cone-shaped neck of the uterus that
protrudes into the vagina
OVARY
 Ovulation is the

most important
function of the ovary
 Production of the

female hormone
 Situated

retroperitoneally
 Contained in the OVARIAN
FOSSA
 In times of abdominal new

growth in the ovary – these

are always detected late
due to anatomical location
 Example:

 Ovarian carcinoma
 Ovarian malignancy
Not easily palpable
UTERUS
 Changes occurring during
pregnancy
 Endometrium lining during
pregnancy becomes
deciduas (lining of the
pregnant uterus)
 Endometrium is the lining
of the NON-PREGNANT
UTERUS
Fallopian tube
FALLOPIAN TUBE
 Site of fertilization
 More specifically, the
AMPULLA of the Fallopian
Tube is the site of
fertilization
 Distal Third of the Fallopian
Tube
 Composed of the
 Ampulla and Fimbriae
 Ampulla
 Has the widest diameter among the segments of the
fallopian tube
 Middle Third of the Fallopian Tube
 Composed of the ISTHMUS
 Proximal Third of the Fallopian Tube
 Composed of the INTERSTITIAL SEGMENT or the
INSTERSTITIAL PART
Function of Reproductive System

To pass on the genes of

the
individuals and to
maintain
the species.
 Functions

Production of female sex cells Production of sperm cell

Reception of sperm cells from the Sustaining and transfer of

Male the sperm cells to the
female
Nurturing the dev’t of & providing
Nourishment for the new ind’l Production fo male sex
hormones
Production of female sex hormones
 General Over View
 1. The ultimate goal of human reproduction is
the propagation and survival of the human
species.
 2. Human reproduction involves specialized
sex cells called gametes:
 a. a female gamete is called an ovum (pl. ova)
 b. a male gamete is called a sperm
 3. Each gamete has one-half of the parent
cell’s chromosomes (i.e. one of each
chromosome pair or 23 of the 46
chromosomes).
ERECTION
The first effect of male sexual
stimulation, and is brought
about by parasympathetic
impulses which causing
dilation of penile arteries,
which results in compression
of the exiting veins. Increased
blood supply that is under high
pressure and inability to leave
the area results in filling of the
venous spaces and erection of
the organ.
 Coitus
 A conception can occur
only inside a woman's
body. Here then is the
place where sperm and
egg have to meet. Their
meeting is usually
brought about as a result
of coitus. This Latin term
(literally, going together)
refers to the kind of
sexual intercourse in
which the penis is
inserted into the vagina.
Other words for coitus
are copulation or vaginal
intercourse.
EJACULATION
Is the discharge of semen to the exterior; initiated by the
peristaltic waves moving along the tubes leading from
testes and by rhythmical contractions of the smooth muscle
layers of the testes, epididymis, seminal vesicles, and
prostate gland. Increased pressure in all these structures
causes expulsion of the semen.

SEMEN
Is the fluid that is ejaculated during the male sexual act.
It is a grayish-white viscid liquid that contains 200million
to 500million spermatozoa per ml. At each ejaculation,
2-5 ml of semen are usually expressed through the
urethra.
MALE FERTILITY
Approximately 200-500
million of spermatozoa are
contained in each ml of
ejaculated semen. These
are highly uniform in shape
& size, w/ occasional
sperm having 2 heads or
tails. When the percentage
of the abnormal
spermatozoa is greater
than 25%, or the sperm
count is less than 20
million, fertility is greatly
decreased.
FEMALE FERTILITY
The ovum is capable of being fertilized for only a
short period, about 24 hours. Sperm can remain
viable within 72 hours, therefore, the period of
possible conception is only for a few days, if the
time of ovulation is known. Ovulation is thought
to occur 14 days prior to menstruation.
 Sexuality
 Is a complex human characteristic (feelings,
attitudes, beliefs and behavior)
 Pervasive aspect of the total self from birth to
death
 It has both biologic and cultural components
 Includes a person’s attitude towards
relationships with same sex, opposite sex about
touching, how they dress, talk and relate to
others.
 BIOLOGIC SEX
 Begins with
conception
 Denotes
chromosomal sexual
development (male:
XY; female: XX)
 Sexual feelings
develops
throughout one’s life
Gender Identity

 Is how one views

one’s self as male or
female in
relationship to
others
 It is not inborn but
rather evolves
throughout the life
span.
 Sexual orientation
 Describes an
individual’s
preference for ways
of expressing sexual
feelings
 Is a dynamic lifelong
process of growth
 Factors affecting sexuality
 Amount of
testosterone secreted
in utero
 Adult role
models/parents
 Culture
 Expectations even
before a child is born
Development of Sexual Identity
 INFANCY – from
the day of birth
female and male
babies are treated
differently by their
parents
 Girls are treated more
gently than boys.
 By the end of first
year, differences in
play are usually
strongly evident
Development of Sexual Identity
 PRESCHOOL –
children can
distinguish genders as
early as 2 years old.
 By 3-4 yo, they know
what sex they are.
 Sex role modeling is
reinforced.
 Social contacts between
child and significant
adults contribute to
sexual identification.
Development of Sexual Identity
 SCHOOL AGE- spend
play time imitating
adult roles.
 Belief such as boys to
be poorer readers, write
less neatly and act
rougher.
Development of Sexual Identity
 ADOLESCENT – begins to
establish a sense of identity.
 Final role identification.
 Older role model, usually of
the same gender
 50% ninth grade boys and 30%
ninth grade girls are sexually
active.
 75% college sophomores are
sexually active
 Part of the reason of high
suicide rate may be because
homosexual teens feel so lost
 Development…
Young adult –
independence in their
expression of sexuality.
 Marriage or cohabitation

 Homosexuality can be

overtly expressed
 Gender roles in

parenting are influenced

by the way an
individual was raised.
 Development…
Middle adult –
sexuality has
achieved a degree of
stability
 Increase in security in

identity can promote

greater intimacy
 Actual sexual

dysfunction may
arise by this time.
 Development…
Older adult – still
need to remain
responsible
sexual partners.
 Decrease in

hormones may
result to lesser
sexual sensation
 Human sexual response
 Combination of
physiological
response and
emotional response
(thoughts and
feelings)
SEXUAL RESPONSE CYCLE
     4 Phases :
1. Excitement
2. Plateau
3. Orgasm
4. Resolution

Vasocongestion and myotonia are the

primary physiologic processes that
contribute to sexual response in both the
male and female.
 SEXUAL RESPONSE CYCLE

1. Excitement phase
 the arousal phase
 the body begins to prepare for coitus
 ♀♂ tachycardia, ↑RR & BP; erection of nipples,
vasocongestion of skin (sex flush), ↑ muscle tone,
external anal sphincter may contract randomly
upon contact
 ♂ penis: partially erect (may be partially lost &
regained repeatedly during extended excitement
phase
 both testicles drawn upward toward
perineum; scrotum can tense & thicken during
erection process
 venous patterns across the breasts become
more visible; breasts ↑ in size;
 labia majora: nullipara – flatter & thinner, rise
upwards & outwards; parous - ↑ 2-3 fold in size
 labia minora: ↑ in size & may protrude above
labia majora
 clitoris becomes tumescent; vaginal lubrication
is produced by vasocongestion of the vaginal
walls, darken in color & become smoother than
normal; uterus elevates; inner 2/3 of the vagina
stretch (7-10cm)
2. Plateau Phase

 period of sexual excitement prior to orgasm

 ♀♂further ↑in circ & HR; sexual pleasure inc w/ ↑
stimulation; muscle tension inc further
 begin to vocalize involuntarily
 ♂urinary bladder closes, muscles @ the base of the
penis begin a steady rhythmic contraction; may start to
secrete seminal fluid; testicles rise closer to the body
 ♀areola & labia further inc in size, clitoris withdraws
slightly, Bartholin’s glands produce further lubrication
 tissues of the outer 1/3 of the vagina swell
considerably; pubococcygeal muscle tightens, reducing
the diameter of the vagina
3. Orgasmic phase

 conclusion of the plateau in a release of sexual tension

 ♀♂ experience quick cycles of muscle contraction of
the anus & lower pelvic muscles w/women also
experiencing uterine & vaginal contractions
 often associated w/ other involuntary actions,
including vocalizations & muscular spasms in
other areas of the body
 generally, euphoric sensation is associated; causes
perceived tiredness due release of endorphins causing
relaxation & drowsiness or due to body’s need for rest
brought about by vigorous sexual activity
 ♂ ejaculate approximately 2-5 ml of semen
(vol varying considerable depending on the
period of abstinence & degree of sustained
arousal prior to ejaculation
4. Resolution phase
 orgasm & allows muscles to relax; ↓ BP
 ♂experience refractory period (orgasm
cannot be achieved again until time has
passed
 penis return to a flaccid state
 ♀may not experience refractory period
(this allows for multiple orgasms)
 opening of the cervix, ↓ bld flow to
genitals & nipples
Sexual Preferences

 Heterosexuality
 Homosexuality
 Bisexuality
 Transsexuality
TYPES OF SEXUAL EXPRESSION
 CELIBACY –
abstinence from sexual
activity
 MASTURBATION –
self stimulation for
erotic pleasure
 EROTIC
STIMULATION – use
of visual materials (ex.
Magazines, photos) for
sexual arousal
 FETISHISM – sexual
arousal by the usage
of certain objects or
situations
 TRANSVESTISM –
an individual
dresses to take on
the role of the
opposite sex
 VOYEURISM –
sexual arousal by
looking at another’s
body
 SADOMASOCHISM
– involves inflicting
pain or receiving
pain to achieve
sexual satisfaction
 OTHER TYPES
exhibitionism
obscene phone
calling
pedophilia
bestiality