LIQUEFIED GAS TANKER

FAMILIARISATION COURSE

OPERATIONAL & SUPPORT LEVEL

HIMT
INTRODUCTION TO THE COURSE
 Course Duration 5 days
 Class 1400 to 1915hrs timings strictly followed at HIMT
 Breaks in between for tea @1630 hrs to 1640 hrs
 Smoking-Terrace & Outside building
 Please SWITCH OFF your MOBILE phones when inside the
class room
 Keep your costly belongings in your own pocket/bag like
mobile phones, purse, ipods etc, HIMT warns U NOT TO KEEP
ANYTHING (valuable things) INSIDE THE DESK
 Attendance course-Certificate after full attendance-10% extra
fees will be charged for attending missed out session.
 Attendance course, certificate after successful completion of
the test
 Test, At the end of the course, feedback, interaction

HIMT
Day One Session 1
 Topics Covered
 Introduction to
 Course, Development of Liquefied Gas
shipping, Rules & Regulations,
Terminology
 Properties, Toxicity and Hazards of
Liquefied Gases
 Types of Gases Carried
 Cargo Properties

HIMT
INTRODUCTION
 A liquefied gas is the liquid form of a
substance, which at ambient temperature and
at atmospheric pressure, would be a gas.
 Important property of gas in relation to
pumping and storage, is its saturated vapour
pressure.
 This is the absolute pressure exerted when
liquid is in equilibrium with its own vapour at a
given temperature.
 The IMO, for the purpose of its Gas Carrier
Codes, defined the liquefied gases, Liquid
with a vapour pressure exceeding 2.8 bar
absolute @ 37.80 C

HIMT
CARGOES CARRIED ON LGC’s
 These cargoes can be divided into the
following four groups:-
 Liquefied natural gas, LNG
 METHANE – CH4
 Liquefied petroleum gas, LPG
 PROPANE
 BUTANE
 MIXTURE OF BOTH
 Liquefied ethylene gas, LEG
 Chemical gases and certain other substance
 NH3, Cl2, VINYL CHOLORO MONOMER (VCM)

HIMT
LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS (LNG)
 Transported either by pipeline as a gas or by sea in its
liquefied form
 comes from underground deposits
 Its composition varies according to where it is found
 Methane is by far the predominant constituent,
ranging from 70 per cent to 99 per cent.
 ABP of Methane is -1620 C

HIMT
NATURAL GAS LIQUIDS (NGL s)
 Associated gas, found in combination
with crude oil
 Comprises mainly methane
 Made up of ethane, LPG’s and
Gasoline
 carried at – 800 C at atmospheric
pressure or at – 450 C at a vapour
pressure of 5 bar

HIMT
LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM
GASES(LPG)
 LPG comprise of propane, butane and
mixtures of both
 Butane stored in cylinders and thus known
as bottled gas
 Widely used as domestic fuel for cooking
and heating
 Also an important octane enhancer for motor
gasoline and a key petrochemical feedstock.
 Propane too has the same qualities, mainly
used in cold climates as its vapour pressure
is more suited

HIMT
 LPG is mainly used in power generation
 Industrial purpose such as metal
cutting
 Used as a petrochemical feedstock for
the production of
 acetaldehyde
 acetic acid
 many other petrochemicals

HIMT
AMMONIA
 World demand for nitrogen containing fertilizers are
based on ammonia
 Industrial demand increased during the 1970s and
1980s.
 Ammonia is also used as an
 on-shore industrial refrigerant
 In production of explosives
 Numerous industrial chemicals such as urea
 Ammonia accounts for the third largest sea borne
trade in liquefied gases – after LNG and LPG.

HIMT
ETHYLENE
 Ethylene is one of the primary
petrochemical building blocks.
 It is obtained by cracking naphtha, ethane
or LPG.
 Some of the important products derived
from Ethylene are
 polyethylene, Plastics, Ethyl alcohol
 Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
 Antifreeze, Polystyrene, fibers
 Polyesters, Rubber

HIMT
PROPYLENE
 Propylene is a petrochemical intermediate
used to make many products.
 Some of the products are:-
 Phenol
 Acetone
 Detergents
 Polypropylene
 Polyurethane
 Plastics
 Acrylic fibers, and Industrial solvents.

HIMT
BUTADIENE
 Butadiene is a highly reactive
petrochemical intermediate
 Butadiene is used in paints and binders for
non – woven fabrics
 Used as an intermediate, in plastic and
nylon production
 Most butadiene output stems from the
cracking of naphtha to produce ethylene
 Products Styrene, Acrylonitrile,
Polybutadiene, Synthetic rubbers

HIMT
VINYL CHLORIDE
 Vinyl chloride is an easily liquefiable
 Chlorinated gas used in the manufacture of
PVC
 Second most important thermoplastic in the
world in terms of output.
 Vinyl chloride not only has a relatively high
boiling point, at – 140C,
 with a specific gravity of 0.97, much denser
than the other common gas carrier cargoes.
 Other important cargoes carried are
Chlorine, Propylene Oxide ( C3H6O), and
Ethylene Oxide (C2H4O) etc.

HIMT
HIMT
History of Gas Tanker Trade
 Gas shipping began in the late 1920s
 The earliest ships were designed to carry liquefied gas
in pressure vessels at ambient Temperature
 The first cargoes on the market were butane and
propane
 Development of refrigeration techniques and metals
suitable for low temperatures made it possible to carry
liquefied gas at temperatures lower than ambient
around 1959
 Semi-Pressurized ships entered the market and liquefied
gas was now transported under lower pressure, which
was made possible by lowering the temperature
 By 1963, fully refrigerated ships for LPG, LNG and
certain chemical gases were in service.

HIMT
TERMS USED IN L G T

 ABSOLUTE PRESSURE
 ABSOLUTE TEMPERATURE
 ABSOLUTE ZERO
 ACTIVATED ALUMINA
 ADIABATIC
 AERATING
 AIRLOCK
 APPROVED EQUIPMENT
 AUTO-IGNITION TEMPERATURE

HIMT
TERMS USED IN L G T
 BLEVE
 BOIL-OFF
 BOILING POINT
 BOOSTER PUMP
 BULK CARGO
 CANISTER FILTER RESPIRATOR
 CARCINOGEN
 CARGO AREA
 CARGO CONTAINMENT SYSTEM
 CASCADE RELIQUEFACTION CYCLE

HIMT
TERMS USED IN L G T
 CAVITATION
 CERTIFICATE OF FITNESS
 CERTIFIED GAS FREE
 COFFERDAM
 CONDENSATE
 COMPRESSION RATIO
 CRITICAL PRESSURE
 CRITICAL TEMPERATURE
 DANGEROUS CARGO ENDORSEMENT
 DEEP WELL PUMP

HIMT
TERMS USED IN L G T
 DENSITY
 DEW POINT
 ENTHALPY
 EXPLOSION-PROOF/ FLAMEPROOF ENCLOSURE
 FLAME ARRESTOR
 FLAME SCREEN
 FLAMMABLE
 FLAMMABLE RANGE
 FLASH POINT
 GAS CODES
 GAS-DANGEROUS SPACE OR ZONE
 GAS-FREE CERTIFICATE

HIMT
TERMS USED IN L G T
 GAS-FREEING
 GASSING-UP
 GAS-SAFE SPACE
 HARD ARM
 HEEL
 HOLD SPACE
 HYDRATES
 HYDRATE INHIBITORS
HIMT
TERMS USED IN L G T
 IACS
 ICS
 IMO
 INCENDIVE SPARK
 INERT GAS
 INERTING
 INSULATION FLANGE
 INTER-BARRIER SPACE
 INTRINSICALLY SAFE
 ISGOTT
 LATENT HEAT

HIMT
TERMS USED IN L G T
 LATENT HEAT OF VAPORIZATION
 LIQUEFIED GAS
 LNG
 LOWER FLAMMABLE LIMIT (LFL)
 LPG
 MARVS
 MLC – Meter Liquid Column (mlc)
 MOLLIER DIAGRAM
 NGL
 OXYGEN ANALYSER
 OXYGEN-DEFICIENT ATMOSPHERE
 PEROXIDE

HIMT
TERMS USED IN L G T
 POLYMERISATION
 PRIMARY BARRIER
 R22
 RELATIVE LIQUID DENSITY
 RELATIVE VAPOUR DENSITY
 RESTRICTED GAUGING
 ROLLOVER
 SATURATED VAPOUR PRESSURE
 SECONDARY BARRIER
 SENSIBLE HEAT
 SHELL AND TUBE CONDENSER

HIMT
TERMS USED IN L G T
 SILICA GEL
 SIGTTO
 SLIP TUBE
 SPAN GAS
 SPECIFIC GRAVITY
 SPECIFY HEAT
 SPONTANEOUS COMBUSTION
 STATIC ELECTRICITY
 SUBMERGED PUMP
 SUPERHEATED VAPOUR
 SURGE PRESSURE
 TOXICITY DETECTOR

HIMT
TERMS USED IN L G T
 TLV
 UPPER FLAMMABLE LIMIT ( UFL)
 VAPOUR DENSITY
 VOID SPACE

HIMT
PRODUCTION OF LIQUEFIED GAS
CARGOES
 The relationships between LNG, NGL
and LPG is shown in the diagram

HIMT
 Flow diagram for LNG liquefaction
 Natural gas may be
found in:
 Underground wells,
are mainly gas bearing
(non – associated gas)
 Condensate reservoirs
(pentanes and
heavier)
 Large oil fields
(associated gas)

 In oil wells - natural

gas may occur either
in
 solution with the
crude oil or as a gas
– cap above it.

HIMT
 Natural gas contains smaller
quantities of heavier hydrocarbons
(collectively known as natural gas
liquid – NGLs).
 This is in addition to varying amounts
of water, carbon dioxide, nitrogen
and other non – hydrocarbon
substances.

HIMT
 The raw feed gas is first stripped of
condensates.
 Removal of acid gases (CO2 , H2S etc)
 CO2 must be removed as it freezes at a
temperature above the atmospheric boiling
point of LNG
 The toxic compound H2S is removed as it
causes atmospheric pollution when being
burnt.
 Acid gas removal saturates the gas stream
with water vapour.
 Water is removed by the dehydration unit.

HIMT
 The gas then passes to fractionating
unit where NGLs are removed
 Split into propane and butane.
 Finally, the main gas flow, now mostly
methane, liquefied into the end product
 To lower the temperature of the
methane gas to about – 1620 C (its
atmosphere boiling point).

HIMT
 There are three basic liquefaction
processes for LNG in current use:
 Pure refrigerant cascade process
 Mixed refrigerant process
 Pre – cooled mixed refrigerant process
 this process is generally known as the MCR
process (Multi – component Refrigerant)
 It is a combination of the pure refrigerant
cascade and mixed refrigerant cycles.
 It is by far the most common process in use
today.

HIMT
LPG PRODUCTION
 Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is the general name
given for propane, butane and mixture of the two.
 These products can be obtained from the refining of
crude oil.
 When produced in this way they are usually
manufactured in pressurized form.
 A simple flow diagram which illustrates the production
of propane and butane from oil and gas reservoirs.
 In this example the methane and ethane which have
been removed are used by the terminal’s power
station.
 LPGs after fractionation and chill-down, are pumped
to terminal storage tanks prior to shipment for export.

HIMT
Typical oil/ gas flow diagram

HIMT
PRODUCTION OF CHEMICAL GASES
 The chemical gases are vinyl chloride, ethylene and
ammonia.
 These three chemical gases can be produced
indirectly from propane.
 The propane is first cracked catalytically into methane
and ethylene.
 The ethylene stream can then be synthesized with
chlorine to manufacture vinyl chloride.
 In the case of the methane stream, this is first
reformed with steam into hydrogen.
 By combining this with nitrogen under high pressure
and temperature in the presence of a catalyst,
ammonia is produced.

HIMT
Flow diagram Chemical Gases

HIMT
Synonyms of Liquefied Gases

HIMT
Chemical Formula and Structure

 Propane C3 H8

 Vinyl Chlorine
Monomer
(VCM)

 Ethane C2 H6

HIMT
Chemical Formula and Structure
 Chlorine (Cl2)

 Methane
(CH4)

 Ammonia
(NH3)

HIMT
Day One Session 2
 Properties, Toxicity and Hazards of
Liquefied Gas (Contd..,)
 Methods of Liquefaction
 Hazards from Liquefied Gas

HIMT
Natural gas processing

HIMT
PROPERTIES AND HAZARDS
 Hazards of liquefied gases basically
comprise any of the following or their
vapours may be of three kinds.
 Toxicity (poisoning)
 Asphyxia (suffocation)
 Low temperature (frostbite) burns
 Chemical burns
 Flammability & Explosion Hazards
 Reactivity Hazards

HIMT
PROPERTIES AND HAZARDS
 Detailed health and safety of handling
these cargo can be seen in:
 Cargo Information Data Sheet and the
 Medical First Aid Guide published by IMO
 The risks of
 flammability,
 low temperature and
 asphyxia apply all liquefied gas cargoes.
 hazard of toxicity and chemical burns apply
to only some

HIMT
TOXICITY HAZARDS
 Permanent damage to the body:
 with some cargo, serious ill – effects may occur.
 Vinyl chloride is a known human carcinogen
 and butadiene is suspected of having similar effects.

 Narcosis:
 Narcosis results in ill –effects to the nervous system.
 The sensations are blunted, clumsy body movements
are noticeable and distorted reasoning occurs.
 Prolonged exposure to a narcotic may result in loss of
consciousness.
 Corrosion / Irritation of the skin, lungs, throat and
eyes

HIMT
THRESHOLD LIMIT VALUES
 TLV,
 describes the concentration in air to
which it is believed personnel may be
exposed,
 under certain circumstances,
without adverse effects.

HIMT
TLV-TWA
 This is known as the Time Weighted
Average.
 It is the concentration of vapour in air
 experienced for an 8 hr day or

 40 hr week throughout a person’s

working life.
 It is the most commonly quoted TLV.
 It shows the smallest concentration and is
the value reproduced in data sheets.

HIMT
TLV-STEL
 This is known as the Short Term
Exposure Limit.
 It is the maximum concentration of
vapour in air
 allowable for a period of up to 15 minutes

 there are no more than four exposures

per day
 at least one hour interval between each
such exposure.

HIMT
TLV-C
 Known as the Ceiling concentration of
the vapour in air
 This should never be exceeded
 Only those substances, which are
predominantly fast-acting are given
 Only highly toxic products, such as
ammonia and chlorine are marked

HIMT
 The IGC Code (Chapter 19) gives a list of the
more hazardous products.
 Indicates the types of cargoes where a toxic
alarm (as well as a flammable alarm) is
required to be fitted on ships that carry such
cargoes.
 The toxicity (Petro Gases) can vary widely
depending on the major hydrocarbon
constituents
 The human body can tolerate concentrations
slightly greater than the TLV for short periods.

HIMT
 Effects of toxicity
CONCENTRATION % LEL EXPOSUR EFFECTS
E TIME
0.1% VOL 10% 60 mts IRRITATION OF EYES
(1000PPM)
0.2% VOL (2000 20% 30mts IRRITATION OF EYES
PPM) NOSE, THROAT,
DIZZINESS
0.7% VOL (7000 70% 15 mts SYMPTOMS
PPM) DRUNKENESS
1.0% VOL (10000 100% < 5 mts UNCONSCIOUSNESS
PPM) / DEATH
2.0% VOL (20000 200% < 1 min PARALYSIS / DEATH
PPM)
HIMT
 Most Liquefied petroleum gases are odourless.
 Propane and Butane are “stenched” with
chemicals like Ethyl mer-captan to aid in case
of leaks.
 Some times the cargo is not stenched
depending on the receiver’s requirements.
 Most hydrocarbon gases dull the sense of
smell after some period.
 The absence of smell should, therefore, never
be taken to indicate the absence of gas.

HIMT
 Dangerous concentration levels could
be some times considerably below the
LFL
 CG Indicators can’t be able to
measure concentrations of this level
accurately

HIMT
FROSTBITE
 The extreme coldness of some
liquefied gases is, in itself, a
significant hazard.
 If the skin is exposed to severe cold,
the tissue becomes frozen.
 This danger is ever-present in gas
terminals and on a ship handling fully
refrigerated cargoes.

HIMT
 For fully pressurized gases, while containment
systems will normally be at or near ambient
temperature, liquid leaks will quickly flash to
the fully refrigerated temperature.
 Such areas should never be approached
without proper protective clothing.
 The symptoms of frostbite are extreme pain in
the affected area (after thawing), confusion,
agitation and possibly fainting. If the affected
area is large, severe shock will develop.

HIMT
CHEMICAL BURNS
 Chemical burns can be caused by
 ammonia,
 chlorine,
 ethylene oxide and
 propylene oxide.
 The symptoms are similar to burns by fire,
except that the product may be absorbed
through the skin causing toxic side effects.
 Chemical burning is particularly damaging
to the eyes.

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REACTIVITY HAZARD
 Some of the liquefied gas cargoes are of a
chemical nature and like all chemicals
exhibit different levels of reactivity.
 Some of the types of reaction are
 Reaction with air,
 Reaction with water,
 Reaction with own self,
 Polymerisation,
 Reaction with previous cargoes,
 Reaction with materials of construction etc.

HIMT
FLAMMABILITY AND
EXPLOSIVENESS
 While burning hydrocarbon gases
 react with the O2 in air
 Produce CO2 and H2O
 The reaction releases
 heat to form a visible flame
 which travels through the mixture of HC gas and
air
 Gas above a liquid hydrocarbon is ignited, the
heat is enough to evaporate sufficient fresh
gas to maintain the flame and is replenished

HIMT
Flammable Limits
 The lower limit of this range, known as
the lower flammable limit (LFL).
 Is that hydrocarbon concentration below
which there is insufficient hydrocarbon gas
to support and propagate combustion.
 The upper limit of the range, known as
the upper flammable limit (UFL).
 Is that hydrocarbon concentration above
which there is insufficient air to support
and propagate combustion.

HIMT
 Liquefied Gas Flash point Flammable range Auto-ignition temperature
(oC) (% by vol. In air) (oC)
Methane -175 5.3-14 595
Ethane -125 3.0-12.5 510
Propane -105 2.1-9.5 468
n-Butane -76 1.5-9.0 365
i-Butane -76 1.5-9.0 500
Ethylene -150 3.0-34.0 453
Propylene -108 2.0-11.1 453
-Butylene -80 1.6-10 440
-Butylene -72 1.6-10 465
Butadiene -60 1.1-12.5 418
Isoprene -50 1.5-9.7 220
Vinyl Chloride -78 4.0-33.0 472
Ethylene oxide -18 3.0-100 429
Propylene oxide -37 2.1-38.5 465
Ammonia -57 14-28 615
Chlorine Non-flammable

HIMT
Day Two Session 1
 Cargo Containment Systems
 Independent
 Membrane, Semi-Membrane
 Integral and Internal Insulation Tanks
 The Liquefied Gas Tanker
 Gas tanker types
 General layout of a tanker
 Survival capability and tank location

HIMT
GAS TANKER CONSTRUCTION
 Method of segregation,
 Separation and air locks are safety of
gas carriers.
 It makes it easier to implement rules
of construction and equipment within
a gas carrier.

HIMT
GAS DANGEROUS SPACE
 Certain areas within a gas carrier are considered gas
dangerous spaces. They include the following:-
 Space in the cargo area.
 Enclosed spaces out side the cargo area,
 Unless approved arrangements are installed to
prevent any escape of product vapour
 Cargo containment system and cargo piping.
 Hold spaces.
 Spaces separated from a hold space by a single gas
tight steel boundary Cargo pump rooms and cargo
compressor rooms.

HIMT
GAS SAFE SPACE
 A gas safe space is any space other
than a gas dangerous space/zone on
a gas carriers

HIMT
ARRANGEMENTS
 All air intake for the
 accommodation,
 service spaces and
 control stations should not face the cargo area.
 It shall be located on the end bulkhead not
facing the cargo area
 Minimum distance of three (five) metres
from the end of the house facing the cargo
area.
 The air intakes and openings to the spaces
should be fitted with closing devices.

HIMT
ARRANGEMENTS
 The access to accommodation or engine
room shall be at minimum distance of
three metres
 Windows and side – scuttles

 facing the cargo area

 sides of the deck house with in a

distance of 3 mtrs
 Wheelhouse windows and doors may be
located within a distance of three metres

HIMT
ARRANGEMENTS
 Gas safe spaces within the cargo
area should be fitted with a
mechanical means of ventilation
of the positive pressure type.
 When this overpressure is lost all
electrical equipment not certified
as electrically safe should de –
energised
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ARRANGEMENTS
 Cargo compressor, pump and control
rooms considered to be gas dangerous
spaces
 Fitted with a mechanical ventilation
system of the negative pressure type.
 Electric motor – driven fans for such
spaces should have their electric
motors placed outside the ventilation
ducts.

HIMT
ARRANGEMENTS
 The ventilation fans should
be of the non – sparking
type
 13mn mesh is fitted on the
outside opening of
ventilation ducts

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GAS DANGEROUS SPACE

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CARGO CONTAINMENT SYSTEMS
 A cargo containment system,
arrangement for containing cargo
 A primary barrier (the cargo tank),
 Secondary barrier (if fitted),
 Associated thermal insulation,
 Any intervening spaces, and
 Adjacent structure as necessary

HIMT
CARGO CONTAINMENT SYSTEMS
 cargoes carried at temperatures
between – 100 C and – 550 C the ships
hull may act as the secondary barrier

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TYPES OF TANKS
 The basic cargo tank types utilized on
board gas carriers are
 Independent Type ‘A’
 Independent Type ‘B’
 Independent Type ‘C’
 Membrane
 Semi – membrane
 Internal insulation Type ‘1’
 Internal insulation Type ‘2’
 Integral

HIMT
INDEPENDENT TANKS
 Independent tanks are completely self-
supporting and
 do not form part of the ship’s hull
structure
 do not contribute to the hull strength of
a ship.
 depending mainly on the design
pressure, there are three different types
 namely, Types ‘A’, ‘B’ and ‘C’.

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TYPE A

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TYPE ‘A’
 Type ‘A’ tanks are constructed primarily of
flat surfaces
 Design pressure in the vapour space for this
type of system is 0.7 barg;
 Fully Refrigerated condition at or near
atmospheric pressure (normally below 0.25
barg).
 This is a self – supporting prismatic tank,
which requires conventional internal
stiffening.

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TYPE A

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TYPE A

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 TYPE B
Type ‘B’ tanks can
be constructed of
flat surfaces or they
may be of the
spherical type
most common
arrangement of
Type ‘ B’ tank is a
spherical tank
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TYPE B

HIMT
 TYPE B

Type ‘B’ tank requires only a partial

secondary barrier
The hold space in this design is
normally filled with dry inert gas
A protective steel dome covers the
primary barrier above deck level and
insulation is applied to the outside of
the tank
The Type ‘B’ spherical tank is almost
exclusively applied to LNG ship

HIMT
The Grand Assembly

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Spherical Tanks Arrangement

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HIMT
HIMT
TYPE ‘B’ PRISMATIC
 There are Type ‘B’ tanks of prismatic shape
in LNG service.
 The Prismatic Type ‘ B’ tank has the benefit
of maximizing ship-hull volumetric efficiency
 having the entire cargo tank placed beneath
the main deck.
 Where the prismatic shape is used the
maximum design vapour space pressure is,
as for type ‘ A’ tanks, limited to 0.7 barg

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TYPE B Prismatic

HIMT
Cross Section of SPB

HIMT
SPB Prismatic

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Advantageous Features of SPB System

 Wide & Flat Upper Deck to enable

installation of topside plant
 No Sloshing with internal bulkheads
construction to enable part cargo operation
 IHI Easy Operation and Less Maintenance:
 No differential pressure control
 No heating coil requirement
 Accessibility to the hold space between inner hull
and cargo tank

HIMT
IHI SPB LNG Tank

HIMT
TYPEC

HIMT
TYPE ‘C’ TANKS
 Type ‘C’ tanks are normally spherical
or cylindrical pressure vessels having
design pressures higher than 2 barg
 The cylindrical vessels may be
vertically or horizontally mounted
 used for semi-pressurized and fully
pressurized gas carries

HIMT
TYPE C

HIMT
TYPE C

HIMT
MEMBRANE

HIMT
HIMT
HIMT
Gaz Transport Mambrane

HIMT
HIMT
HIMT
HIMT
SP-M Internal View

HIMT
HIMT
Day Two Session 2
 Cargo Eqpt. and Instrumentation
 Tanks Piping Valves
 Pressure relief/vacuum protection
 Pumps and unloading systems
 Cargo heater and vapouriser

HIMT
PIPELINES
 Gas carriers are normally fitted with
 liquid and vapour manifolds situated amidships
 connected to liquid and vapour headers of pipelines
 Branches lead to each cargo tank
 Liquid loading line pass via tank dome to the bottom
 Vapour connection is from the top of tank
 Semi-pressurised and fully refrigerated vessels have
 vapour connection is from vapour header to
compressor room
 where reliquefaction of the boil - off takes place.
 After reliquefaction the cargo is piped
 Cargo returns via a condensate return, to cargo tank
 In LNG ships BOG vapours used in ship’s boilers as
fuel

HIMT
PIPELINES
 Cargo pipelines are not allowed
beneath deck level on gas carriers
 All pipe connections through the cargo tank
domes
 Vapour relief valves are also fitted on the
tank domes
 Relief valves are piped, via a vent header,
to the vent riser
 Vent risers are fitted at a safe height, safe
distance from accommodation spaces

HIMT
EMERGENCY SHUT-DOWN (ESD) SYSTEMS
 At different locations around the ship like
 bridge front,
 gangway,
 compressor room and
 cargo control room,
 emergency control station
 As operated, these controls close remotely actuated valves and stop
cargo pumps and compressors
 pneumatic valves or electric push buttons are provided
 Provides an emergency-stop facility for cargo handling
 ESD is also required to be automatic upon loss of electric control A fire
should occur at tank domes or cargo manifolds (where fusible elements
are situated),
 ESD system is automatically actuated
 Individual tank filling valves are required to close automatically upon the
actuation of an overfill sensor in the tank to which they are connected
 ESD valves may be pneumatically or hydraulically operated and fail safe

HIMT
Cargo Piping arrangement

HIMT
Tank Piping Layout

HIMT
HIMT
RELIEF VALVES FOR CARGO TANKS AND PIPELINES

 IGC require at least two pressure relief valves to be

fitted on CT of greater than 20m3
 Below 20m3 one valve is sufficient
 The types of valves normally fitted are either spring-
loaded or pilot-operated
 Pilot-operated relief valves may be found on all tank-
types
 while spring-loaded relief valves are usually only used
on Type ‘C” tanks
 Use of pilot operated relief valves on fully refrigerated
tanks ensures accurate operation at the low-pressure
conditions
 Use on Type ‘C’ tanks allows variable relief settings to
be achieved used the same valve

HIMT
CARGO PUMPS
 The Following pumps are used in LGC
 Centrifugal Deep-well pumps
 Submerged cargo pumps
 Deck mounted booster pumps
 The Choice of pump is based on the
type of ship
 Different combinations are seen

HIMT
Deep-Well Pumps
 Deep well pumps are the most common
type of cargo pump for LPG carriers
 The pump is driven electrically or
hydraulically by a motor
 Mounted outside the tank
 The drive shaft is held in carbon bearings
inside the cargo discharge tube
 Bearings are lubricated and cooled by the
cargo flow

HIMT
 The impeller is mounted at the bottom
of the cargo tank
 comprises two or three stages with a
first stage inducer
 Inducer to reduce the NPSH of the pump
 Shaft sealing at the cargo tank dome
consists of a double mechanical oil seal

HIMT
Deep-Well Pump

HIMT
Cargo Pump and seal Chamber, CS of
Pump showing shaft, impeller, inducer

HIMT
Discharge Base showing seal
chamber, Cargo Pump Motor

HIMT
Pump Mounted inside the Cargo Tank

HIMT
HIMT
HIMT
Submerged Pump
 Installed at the
bottom of cargo
tanks
 Enable very low
pump –down levels
 They are fitted on all
LNG carries
 Some of the larger
LPG carriers.

HIMT
 The pumps and electric motor are integrally
mounted on the same shaft
 Power is supplied to the motor through
specially sheathed cables
 Electrical cabling is passed through junction
box in the tank dome
 flexible cables to the motor terminals
 Mineral insulated copper sheathed cables
used inside cargo tanks in old ships
 in modern ships by flexible stainless steel
armored insulated power cables.

HIMT
HIMT
 These pumps are cooled and
lubricated by cargo flow
 damaged due to loss of flow
 Pump is protected from dry running
by safety devices
 An under-current relay,
 Low discharge pressure switch,
 Low tank level switch.

HIMT
Submerged Cargo Pump
Mounted inside the tank

HIMT
Emergency
Cargo
Discharge,
submerged
motor cargo
pump

HIMT
Booster pumps
 Usually Centrifugal type
 Vertically or horizontally mounted on deck
 Driven by an increased safety electric motor
 They may be in cargo compressor room
 In the compressor room, they are driven
through a gas-tight bulkhead by an electric
motor installed in motor room
 These pumps are fitted with double mechanical
seals
 The seal flushing system should be well
maintained to ensure continuing reliability

HIMT
HIMT
Booster Pump

HIMT
Vertical and Horizontal pumps

HIMT
 Pressure Booster with gauges

HIMT
HEAT EXCHANGERS
 Gas tankers use different types of
heat exchangers to control
 the temperature
 pressure or
 to vary the state of the cargo

HIMT
 These heat exchangers are broadly of
then following types
 Cargo heaters
 Cargo vaporizers
 Cargo condensers and coolers in the re-
liquefaction plant

HIMT
Vaporizer
Simple Sketch

HIMT
Cargo Heaters
 When discharging refrigerated cargoes into
pressurized shore storage it is necessary to heat the
cargo
 To avoid low – temperature embitterment of the
shore tanks and pipelines
 Cargo heaters are of horizontal shell and tube
exchangers
 mounted in the open air on the ship’s deck
 Sea water is commonly used as the heating medium
 S/W passes inside the tubes with the cargo passing
around the tubes
 raises fully refrigerated propane from – 45 0 C to –
50 C

HIMT
Vaporiser Schematic Diagram

HIMT
Cargo Vaporizers
 A means of producing cargo vapour from
liquid is often required on gas carriers.
 For example
 vapour may be needed to gas–up cargo tanks
 to maintain cargo tank pressure during
discharge.
 Need will be more required in the absence
of a vapour return line from shore
 a vaporizer is usually installed on board for
the above purposes

HIMT
Day Three Session 1
 Cargo Eqpt. and Instrumentation
 Cargo Compressor
 Re-liquefaction system and cargo boil off
 Inert Gas System
 Instrumentation

HIMT
Compressors
 Compressors are used as vapour pumps in
cargo cooling plants, either to compress or
pump cargo vapour.
 Compressors are also used to compress or
pump cooling medium as Freon
 vapour on indirect cargo cooling plant and
cascade plant.
 The compressors in the cargo cooling plants
are produced either as piston, screw or
centrifugal type

HIMT
Cargo Compressors
 There are different types of
compressors used on board LGC
 Reciprocating compressors
 Single-acting compressor
 Double-acting compressor
 Rotary Compressor
 Screw type
 Roots blower

HIMT
Cargo Compressor

HIMT
Centrifugal Compressor

HIMT
Screw Type Compressors

HIMT
RELIQUEFACTION PLANTS AND BOIL-OFF CONTROL

 Control cargo vapour pressure while

loading and on passage is provided
 Except Fully presurised vessels
 In LPG and chemical gas carriers re-
liquefaction plant is fitted

HIMT
Functions of the plant
 To cool down the cargo tanks and
associated pipelines before loading;
 To re-liquefy the cargo vapour generated
by flash evaporation, liquid displacement
and boil-off during loading; and
 To maintain cargo temperature and
pressure within prescribed limits while at
sea by re-liquefying the boil – off vapour

HIMT
Types of re-liquefaction plants
 Indirect cycle
 External refrigeration plant is employed
to condense the cargo vapour
 This cycle is relatively uncommon as its
use is limited to a small numbers of
cargoes
 It requires, for efficiency, a very cold
refrigerant and large surfaces for heat
exchange.

HIMT
 required by the Gas Codes when
carrying the following cargoes
 Chlorine
 Ethylene oxide
 Ethylene oxide – propylene oxide mix
 Propylene oxide

HIMT
 Direct cycle
 The boil – off is compressed,
condensed and returned to the tank.
 This is the most common system
 Three types of systems mainly in
semi-pressurised vessels:
 Single –stage direct cycle
 Two – stage direct cycle
 Cascade direct cycle

HIMT
Single –stage direct cycle
 Particularly suited to the semi – pressurized carrier
 Suction pressures are relatively high
 Boil off vapours from the tank drawn by compressor
 Compression increases the P and T of the vapour
 Condensed by sea water in the condenser
 The liquid is flashed back to the tank via a float-
controlled expansion valve
 The liquid/vapour mixture being returned the cargo
tank may be
 either distributed by a spray rail at the top of the
cargo tanks empty
 bottom discharge when the tank is full .

HIMT
Single Stage Direct Cycle Re-
Liquefaction Plant

HIMT
Two–Stage direct cycle
 This equipment is relatively uncommon,
 For grades such as butadiene and vinyl chloride its fitting is
essential.
 The two-stage cycle with inter-stage cooling is used
 Suction pressures are low and, as a result, compression ratios
high
 Two-stage compression (with inter-stage cooling) is necessary
to limit the compressor discharge temperature
 It Increases significantly with the higher compression ratio
 These cargoes can polymerize at higher temperatures
 The vapour is taken to the first stage compressor
 It is taken to an inter-stage cooler
 where its superheat is reduced
 The cooling medium is cargo liquid flashed down to intercooler
pressure from the sea water-cooled condenser.
 Other process is same to the single – stage cycle.

HIMT
Two Stage Direct Cycle Re-liquefaction
System

HIMT
Direct Cycle Cascade System
 The cascade cycle is used for fully refrigerated cargoes
 where a special refrigerant such as R22 is used to obtain
the lower carriage temperatures.
 Refrigeration plant capacities are not so affected by sea
water temperature
 For the carriage of ethylene this type of equipment is
essential.
 The cascade system uses a refrigerant such as R22 to
condense cargo vapours
 The single – stage compression of cargo vapour is identical
to the single-stage direct cycle,
 The cargo condenser is cooled using R22
 R22 vapour is taken through a conventional R22 closed
refrigeration cycle, condensing against sea water – hence
the term cascade is used

HIMT
Direct Cycle Cascade System

HIMT
Inert Gas System
 A gas tanker utilizes inert gas from any
of the following sources.
 Inert gas from combustion – type generator
 Nitrogen from shipboard production
 Pure nitrogen taken from the shore

HIMT
Inert gas generators
 the inert gas generator has three
main parts
 A combustion chamber with scrubbing
and cooling (the generator)
 A refrigerated drier – cooled normally
by R 22, and
 An absorption drier

HIMT
System Arrangement
 Combustion type generators must be located outside
the cargo
 In is installed in the ship’s engine room
 It is usual to find the inert gas main permanently
piped into the cargo holds
 Temporary connections from inert gas main for tank
 When not in use, these must be disconnected and
blanks fitted
 Two non-return valves (or equivalent) are fitted in the
inert gas main to prevent any back – flow of cargo
vapours
 inert gas plant is used from time to time to top up
hold and inter-barrier spaces.

HIMT
Diagram Of IGG

HIMT
The refrigerated drier
 IG is cooled to approximately 40 C
 It condenses the H2O present in IG
 Drying in the absorption drier reduce
the dew point of IG to – 400C or less
 A layer of molecular sieves can be
added to the bottom of the drying
tower to improve the dew point

HIMT
 to ensure stable combustion in the
generator, the pressure in the drying
system must be kept constant
 achieved by means of a pressure
control valve

HIMT
IG Composition
 Inert gas produced by an IGG
composed of
 Approximately 0. 5 % oxygen
 Approximately 84 % nitrogen
 Approximately 15 % carbon dioxide
 Approximately 0.5 % carbon monoxide,
oxides of nitrogen and sulphur dioxide

HIMT
IGG Burner Scrubber

HIMT
BURNER SCRUBBER

HIMT
DRIER

HIMT
PERFORMANCE DATA

HIMT
NITROGEN GENERATOR

HIMT
PRINCIPLE OF PRESSURE SWING ADSORPTION (PSA)

HIMT
FLOW DIAGRAM

HIMT
HOLLOW FIBRE SIZE

HIMT
NITROGEN GAS GENERATOR

HIMT
Instrumentation
 Various types are used for
 Measuring cargo level
 Check and control pressure
 Monitor Temperature
 Also used for gas detection
 It is carefully selected
 Well maintained

HIMT
Intrinsically safe equipment
 Can be defined as an electrical circuit
in which a spark or thermal effect is
incapable of causing an ignition of a
given explosive (gas + air) mixture
 achieved by placing a barrier in an
electrical circuit
 Zener barriers are most commonly
used

HIMT
Flameproof equipment
 Which can withstand the pressure
developed during an internal ignition
 Design is such that any flames,
occurring within the enclosure, are
cooled to below ignition temperatures
before reaching the surrounding
atmosphere
 Great care exercised during
maintenance

HIMT
Liquid level instrumentation
 Indirect systems
 Either weighing method or flow meters
 Closed devices which do not penetrate the cargo tank
 Ultrasonic devices or radio isotope sources may be
used
 Closed devices
 which penetrate the cargo tank – such as, float
gauges and bubble tube indicators.
 Restricted devices which penetrate the tank but which
release small volumes of liquid or atmosphere
 Fixed or slip – type gauges.
 When not in use, the restricted device should be kept
completely closed

HIMT
Float gauges
 It consists of a float attached by a tape to
an indicating device
 Arranged for local and remote readout
 Installed in a tubular well
 Alternatively guide wires may be fitted
 Float gauges have valves for isolation for
safe servicing
 Kept lifted from the liquid level when not in
use to prevent damage due to liquid
sloshing

HIMT
Nitrogen bubbler gauges
 Nitrogen bubbler gauges measure the pressure
necessary to displace liquid cargo from a small bore
tube mounted vertically in a tank.
 A sufficient pressure of nitrogen is introduced into the
tube to displace the liquid and to commence bubbling
at the bottom.
 The pressure necessary to do this is measured and is
a function of the liquid level and the liquid density.
 For cargoes of known density the level readout is
obtained directly.
 By installing two such tubes, one alongside the other,
and with their lower extremities a known vertical
distance apart, the density of the cargo can also be
determined.

HIMT
Differential pressure gauges
 operate on pressure differences
between liquid and vapour
 The signal lines for the instrument
are normally purged with inert gas
 This type of gauge can only be used
on ships when the cargo tank is
situated completely above deck
 Generally found in use on shore

HIMT
Capacitance gauges
 Measures the change in electrical
capacitance between two probes
 Takes up the space between liquid and
vapour
 2 probes are enclosed within an open
protective tube is used
 Tube extends throughout the depth of the
tank
 Provides a continuous indication of liquid
content at all levels.

HIMT
Ultrasonic gauges
 Ultrasonic gauges operate on a
similar principle to echo sounders
 They measure either the ullage or the
liquid depth
 The transceiver may be mounted
either in the tank dome or at the tank
bottom
 Accordingly whether the ullage, depth
or liquid dip is to be measure

HIMT
Radar gauges
 Designed to operate on the principle
of radar
 Works at very high frequencies –
approximately 11 gHz. (11x109)
 Mounted on the tank dome
 Better than UT gauges
 Closed device, constant level
measurement

HIMT
Slip – tubes
 slip-tubes constitute a restricted type
of gauging device
 Named because of cargo vapour or
liquid is released during level
measurement

HIMT
Slip-tubes
 Have an orifice at their upper end through which
liquid or vapour can be released
 Gas Codes limit the size of this orifice to 1.5mm dia,
unless an excess flow valve is fitted
 The lower end of the slip – tube is open to the cargo
dome.
 The observed differences between either liquid or
vapour venting
 Orifice gives an indication of liquid level has been
reached
 By reading from the markings on the tube itself the
actual liquid level is read-off

HIMT
Gas detection systems
 Detector heads are normally provide in the following
spaces, detector heads should be sited having regard
to the density of cargo vapours
 Cargo compressor room
 Electric motor room
 Cargo control room (unless classified as gas-safe)
 Enclosed spaces such as hold spaces and inter-
barrier spaces (excepting hold spaces containing
Type ‘C’ cargo tanks)
 Airlocks
 Burner platform vent hoods and engine room gas
supply pipelines (LNG ships only )

HIMT
 Sampling and analyzing from each detector
head is done sequentially
 Sampling intervals of space generally not
exceeding 30 minutes
 Alarms activated when the vapour
concentration reaches 30% of LEL
 Ship must have at least two sets of
portable gas detection equipment
 Means for measuring oxygen levels in inert
atmospheres are also required

HIMT
Day Three Session 2
 Tank Environment Control
 Methods of Control
 Warming Up
 Inerting
 Gas-freeing
 Aerating
 Purging
 Cooling down
 Hazard Control
 Safety Precautions and measures

HIMT
Methods of Control
 Control within cargo tanks and hold
spaces are achieved by means of
piping systems fitted onboard
 Incase of change in cargo
 The following procedures are normally
followed:
 Warming up
 Inerting
 gas-freeing / aerating
 Purging
 Cooling down

HIMT
 To ensure that procedures are
correctly carried out, tanks are
provided with:
 Sampling tubes
 pressure sensors
 temperature sensors

HIMT
WARMING UP
 Done for the following reasons:
 Vaporizing of liquid cargo residues in pump sump
after discharging / stripping
 Warming up of tank’s shell prior to inerting and gas
freeing /aerating in order to avoid
 Condensation and the formation of ice
 Done by drawing cold vapour from the cargo tanks to
the cargo compressors
 The vapour is heated by compression and sent back
to the pump sump or to the bottom of the tanks
 Temperature and pressure reading must be kept
under regular observation

HIMT
Stripping/ heating
 End of discharge, pumping the cargo liquid
by means of her cargo pumps
 Remaining liquid in the tank which it is not
possible to remove by the cargo pumps
 Depending on the vessel – the remaining
liquid will typically amount to approx 10 –
1000 liters.
 This liquid shall be removed before any
other operation is carried out

HIMT
 On board vessels having a stripping system
 Operation can be carried out by
pressurizing the cargo tanks
 Remaining liquid flow from the bottom of
the cargo tanks via the stripping line
 Either the vent mast or the liquid manifold
 From there overboard via the bazooka.
(Extension pipe fitted on the manifold
flange)

HIMT
Stripping/ heating

 Cargo remains under pressure -

drained from cargo tanks

HIMT
 On board vessels NOT equipped with a stripping line
 Cargo liquid removed by evaporating
 Cargo residues are normally removed by help of the
cargo compressors
 vapour from the tanks top is sucked and returns the
heated vapour to the tank bottom
 Heat increased by compressing to a higher pressure in
the compressor.
 It is an advantage to keep the tank pressure as high
as possible
 Care must be taken to prevent safety valve opening
 Excess pressure is released through the mast heads
to shore line or through the re-liquefication plant to
deck storage tank

HIMT
 Cargo remains evaporated to mast by
means of warm vapour

HIMT
Inerting / Gas-freeing
 Often this is done for the following
reasons:
 Removal of cargo residues
 Heating tanks
 Inerting of tanks and systems with inert
gas or Nitrogen
 Purging of tanks, pipelines and re-
liquefication plant with vapour from the
next cargo

HIMT
 Inerting and gas-freeing normally take
place at sea
 Before dry-docking
 Due to change of cargo grade
 Only a few ships have enough nitrogen on
board to inert all the cargo tanks
 the inerting is carried out by inert gas
produced in a inert gas generator
 or a Nitrogen generator

HIMT
Inerting Procedure
 Single tank ‘on its own’
 or several tanks together
 This may be different from ship to
ship
 In general there are 3 ways
 Done in parallel
 In series
 Combination of parallel and series

HIMT
 Purging in parallel is effective to
achieve
 so-called ''Piston effect'' happens saves
time and cost

HIMT
Purging in series maximizing
the use of the IG

HIMT
Cargo Tank Inspection
 Maintenance and inspection of cargo tanks
may include the following operations:
 Removal of cargo residues.
 Heating tanks.
 Inerting of tanks with inert gas or nitrogen.
 Inerting of pipe-line system with inert gas or
nitrogen.
 Ventilation of tanks with air/possible tank
washing with water.
 Ventilation of the pipe-line system with
air/possible washing with water.
 Ventilation of the Void Space with air.

HIMT
 After the tank has been vented
 Entry to investigate if any work is
necessary inside the tank
 Often a thin dust layer on the tank
bottom has to be cleaned up
 If the tank shell is wet, it has to be
dried

HIMT
 When tank cleaning after a
propylene-oxide cargo (PO cargo)
 tanks and pipe lines have to be
washed with fresh water
 Shall be dried well by use of hot air
 It is very important to remove all
water from bends and traps in the
pipeline system.


HIMT
Mixing by Diffusion
 Mixing of Gases by Diffusion
 Two gases will always mix together, even if
they have different densities (sp. gravity).
 The "piston" effect we always aim to achieve
when inerting or purging tanks
 It is only effective over a short period, and
in the layer between the two gases there
will be a diffusion taking place.
 If we shut off the tank where there is a
defined layer between the gases, then the
atmosphere will be a homogeneous mixture
of the gases after a while.

HIMT
PURGING
 Once the cargo tank has been inspected or
repairs carried out
 Tank should be prepared for receiving
cargo.
 The purpose of purging is to prepare cargo
tanks and piping to receive cargo
 Purging is done to reduce O2 content and
humidity by introducing N2 or IG
 Depending on the cargo planned the quality
of IG needs to ensured.

HIMT
GASSING UP
 Purging with cargo gas of the cargo to be
loaded after inerting
 This is called gassing up
 Cargo vapour from the shore is taken
onboard and allowed into the cargo tanks
 IG from the cargo tanks is removed and
sent ashore.
 This operation is carried out till all IG from
the cargo tank is fully expelled

HIMT
COOLING DOWN
 The reason is to prevent cargo tanks and piping from
undue thermal stresses.
 cargo liquid is introduced slowly into the cargo tank
via the cooling-down or the spray-line system.
 The liquid cargo will tend to vaporize when introduced
into a warmer tank, thus taking heat from the tank
atmosphere and the tank shell.
 The correct cool-down operation is verified by
temperature readings which are made possible by
temperature sensors
 The cooling down is completed when the temperature
of the tank atmosphere and shell is acceptably low in
relation to the temperature of the cargo to be loaded

HIMT
Safety Precautions and Measures

HIMT
Day Four Session 1
 Hazard Control
 Tank Atmosphere Evaluation
 Fire prevention and fire safety measures
 Fire protection system

HIMT
 The information to be obtained during a tank
atmosphere evaluation are:
 Type of atmosphere (constituent gases):
 Flammability;
 Toxicity/ oxygen deficiency:
 Reactivity
 A tank atmosphere evaluation is to be carried out:
 Prior to entry by personnel;
 During inerting, gas freeing and purging operations;
 To establish a gas free condition;
 As a quality control before changing cargoes.

HIMT
 The atmosphere in a cargo tank or enclosed space
may be dangerous due to flammability, toxicity and/
or lack of oxygen
 No personnel should enter or work in a tank or
enclosed space until safe working conditions have
been created
 It is the responsibility of the master or officer on duty
to ensure that safe working conditions are created
 Tank atmosphere evaluation is essential to safe
working conditions
 As a rule, a tank or enclosed space should not be
entered
 When entry is necessary, precautions for safe working
conditions should be observed

HIMT
 There are 3 types of gas dangers in LGC
 There are 3 types of atmosphere checks also
 Danger of explosion occurs for a majority of
petroleum products and hydrocarbons within the
mixture range of 1,5-15% by volume.
 Toxicity for petroleum products the TLV for long time
exposure lies in the region of 500 ppm which is less
than 1/100 of the LEL.
 Dangerous concentrations for some toxic chemical
gases occur already at TLV valves of 5-100 ppm.
 There is a health hazard to personnel. Dangerous
concentrations may for some toxic chemical gases
occur already at TLV valves of 5-100 ppm.

HIMT
 Lack of oxygen is danger to human
life
 As the contents 2% to 3% units lower
than the normal value of 21% O2.
 Lack of O2 can arise in cargo tanks,
closed compartment etc.
 The available O2has been consumed
in the formation of rust.

HIMT
Safety & Gas Measuring Equipments
 RESUSCITATOR
 SELF CONTAINED BREATHING APPARATUS
(SCBA/CABA)
 OXYGEN ANALYSERS
 EXPLOSIMETERS OR COMBUSTIBLE GAS
DEECTORS
 TANKSCOPE
 TOXIC GAS DETECTORS

HIMT
Fire Safety
 The Nature of Liquefied Gas Fires
 Cargo and stored product fires may be
broadly categorized as follows:
 Pressure fires from liquid or vapour leaks at:
 Pump glands
 Pipe flanges
 Valves
 Vent headers
 Fires from confined liquid pools
 Fires from unconfined spillages, and
 Fires in confined spaces

HIMT
ACTION ON DISCOVERING FIRE OR SPILLAGE

 Inform the Bridge, CCR, ECR,

Terminal/Shore
 Raise the alarm
 Activate Emergency shut down
(ESD)
 Try to control the emergency with
available help and resources
 Start the Spray cooling system
 Muster for further actions

HIMT
General consideration
 Those in-charge to decide, whether to
control or extinguish the fire
 The prime factors on which to base such a
decision are:
 Wind strength and direction
 Potential ignition sources
 Cloud of gas released when fire is extinguished
 The answer more often to isolate the fuel source
and control the fire rather than to extinguish it.

HIMT
Further Considerations
 Isolate the Source and let the
remaining gas burn off – prevent
UVCE
 Cool the Source – Prevent BLEVE
 Cool the surrounding – prevent
spread
 Monitor the fire and try to bend the
flame away from the system pipes

HIMT
Location and Separation of Spaces
 Cargo tanks forward
 Engine room to be aft of the cargo
tanks
 Cofferdam between ER and CT
 Separate Ventilation for each section
 Accommodation above ER, Bulkhead
and Deck segregation
 Separate fire protection for each space
HIMT
HIMT
Location and Separation of Spaces
 All cargo pipeline in the forward and on
deck
 No cargo pipeline penetration to the
safe zone
 Ventilation
 Forced positive pressure – ER
 Exhaust Negative Pressure – Comp/Pump-
room/Cofferdam M/R +ve
 Forced / Re-circulation Mode -
Accommodation

HIMT
 Fire plan of the ship is
Located at the Accommodation
Upper Deck entrance
STBD & Port Side

HIMT
 Fire station
.Located On Upper Deck
. Emergency Stop for all
E/R Pumps, Fans
Quick Closing Valves
For all F.O Tks
. Firep/p & Emergency
Fire P/P can be started
. Ship’s Fire detector
Panel located.

HIMT
 LSA/FFA Room
.Located Next to Fire Station

HIMT
 Safety Systems

CO2 Total High Expansion Sea Water Main Deck

Flooding System Foam System Fire fighting Dry powder system

.Cargo Machinery room .Engine Room .Ship’s fire Fighting

.Cargo Compressor Room .Cargo Electrical .Water spray system
.Emergency Generator Room Room Port/STBD On Deck Manifold
.Paint Locker .Water for High Expansion
Foam System
.Anchor water wash.

HIMT
CO2 Total Flooding System
Operating Procedure:
1) Break open the key box and remove the key.
2) Open the Control valve cabinet Box.
3) The CO2 release alarm will active, vacate the
compartment immediately.
4) Muster count to be carried out.
5) Close all vent, doors, hatches….
6) Activate the valves NO: 1 &2 in control valve
cabinet.
7) Open the CO2 control cabinet.
8) Open one CO2 cylinder valve due to the time delay
unit of 30 sec.
9) The CO2 extinguisher discharges.

HIMT
Manual Procedure of Releasing
CO2.
 Ensure all person has evacuated.
 Close all vents, doors, hatches……
 Open the relevant main valve by removing the safety
pin. Turn the handle up or down for opening.
 Open the safety pin on CO2 bottle and release one by
one.
 Cargo area QTY
 Cargo machinery Room 26 EA
 Electrical Motor Room 12 EA
 Emer.Genrator Room 06 EA
 Paint Locker 02 EA

HIMT
 Time delay unit 30 sec

Bank of co2 Bottles

HIMT
Finally open one First open main valve, Then open
Co2 bottle The valve for co2 bottle next

Individual Control cabinet for

Emergency generator room
Cargo comp room, cargo mach room
Paint locker

HIMT
Open appropriate main vale
Before opening co2

HIMT
HIMT
Carbon-di-Oxide System

HIMT
Bulk DCP System on Gas
Tanker

HIMT
Explanation
 The dry powder extinguisher is used for deck fire
fighting system.
 They are installed individually one on STBD & port
side on the main deck in a room.
 The capacity of the dry powder tank is 2500 KG.
 Nitrogen bottles are used to operate the contents of
dry powder inside the tank.
 Activating the nitrogen bottles and opening of
individual outlet dry powder valves are done by
individual CO2 bottles located in CCR, Fire Station,
Individual dry powder cabinets located on main deck.
 The out let of the main dry powder discharge valve
opening is controlled by nitrogen.

HIMT
HIMT
 Bank of Nitrogen bottles
Dry powder (Deck Fire Fighting)
To activate dry powder
2500 KG

HIMT
Opening up of the outlet Main valve
Of the dry powder system is by
The Nitrogen

Individual line valves are

Opened by CO2 bottle &
Nitrogen is activated by
CO2 bottle

HIMT
Individual cabinets are located CO2 Bottles to activate
At various location in main deck Nitrogen & individual Valve

HIMT
Hose Box
 Deck Mounted
 Capacity
3kgs/sec
 Pilot bottle
nearby
 Instruction
inside the
door of the
cabinet

HIMT
CO2 Bottles in CCR to open Nitrogen Bottles
In Dry powder Extinguisher Room STBD/Port

HIMT
DCP Deck Monitor
 Deck mounted
 Wind direction
 Parallel to flame
 Station on deck
 Capacities
 25 kgs/sec
 35 kgs/sec
 45 kgs/sec

HIMT
Station Control Valves
 Separate
valve for
each
 Operated
by pilot
bottle
Nitrogen

HIMT
Station Valves Operated by N2

HIMT
DCP Station Instructions

HIMT
Instructions for Hosebox

HIMT
Hose Box

HIMT
N2 Bottle and Pilot Bottle

HIMT
Portable Fire Extinguishers

HIMT
135 Liters Foam Extinguisher
Near Boiler & Turbo Generator
25 KG Dry Powder Extinguisher
Near Feed Water Heater
HIMT
Dry Powder Extinguisher Foam Extinguisher 6.8 KG CO2 Bottle at
2 No’s on each Platform 3 No’s on each platform ECR, Main switch board
12 KGS
12 KGS

HIMT
EEBD One on each platform

HIMT
HIMT
 Foam proportionator

Foam Sea water + Foam Compound

Insert inside Foam Can

Sea Water

HIMT
Day Four Session 2
 Hazard Control (Contd..,)
 Pollution prevention
 Protection and safety measures
 Accommodation
 Ship Shore Interface

HIMT
POLLUTION PREVENTION
 Pollution is defined as inconvenience or damage,
caused by human activities, to humans,
animals, plants and to our environment into the
air, into the water or onto the land
 All operations on involving cargo, ballast and
bunkers should be done in accordance with the
applicable pollution regulations
 During cargo transfer operations, care should be
taken to avoid release of cargo liquid and/or
vapours

HIMT
 Cargo transfer includes procedures to be
followed to prevent pollution of air and of water
 Procedures include:
 Inspection of cargo hoses, loading arms, valves
and gaskets
 Inspection of cargo systems and
instrumentation
 Inspection of flanges, connection and tank
hatches for tightness
 The personnel on watch should be present at all
times during cargo-transfer operation
 Regularly carry out the inspections mentioned
under

HIMT
PROTECTION AND SAFETY EQUIPMENT
 Emergency escape there must be respiratory and eye
protection equipment for every person on board
 For the protection of personnel engaged in loading and
discharging operations, there must be suitable protective
clothing on board
 For entering gas-filled spaces there must be full sets of
safety equipment on board
 All the equipment for personnel protection must be kept in
clearly marked lockers
 The decontamination for showers and eyewash mush be
available in certain locations on deck
 On all gas tankers a water spray system for cooling, fire
prevention and crew protection is installed to cover deck
areas, superstructures and accommodation
 Protective clothing should be worn by all personnel when
involved in cargo operations

HIMT
 Stretchers and medical first-aid equipment must be
provided on board
 Gas-measuring equipment for atmosphere evaluation must
be provided on board
 Demonstrates the use of:
 Filter-type respiratory protection for emergency escape
 Self-contained breathing apparatus
 Protective clothing
 A complete set of safety equipment
 Oxygen resuscitator
 Gas indicator tubes
 Portable gas detector
 Portable combustible – gas indicator
 Portable oxygen meter

HIMT
ACCOMMODATION
 The accommodation is located outside the cargo area
 Superstructures for accommodation are designed to
minimize the possibility of entry of cargo vapour
 No entrances, air inlets or openings to the
accommodation are facing the cargo area
 Portholes, windows facing the cargo area, and those
within a certain distance from the cargo area, are of
the non-opening type
 All doors, portholes or windows kept closed during
cargo operations
 All ventilation systems should be stopped or operated
on closed cycle

HIMT
SHIP/SHORE INFERFACE
 Safe conditions alongside a terminal are enhanced by safety regulations,
good communication and the best possible co-operation between ship and
terminal

 List of safety precautions and procedures for personnel on watch prior to

and during cargo transfer with regard to:
 Communication
 Cargo information
 Emergency towing-off wires
 Gangways or accommodation ladders
 Fire-fighting equipment
 Lighting
 Unauthorized persons
 Persons smoking, drunk or drugged
 Signs and notices
 Craft alongside
 Scuppers
 Weather precautions
 Connection/disconnection of cargo house
 Safety equipment and protective clothing
 Doors and portholes

HIMT
Day Five Session 1
 Emergency Operations
 Organizational Structure
 Alarms
 Emergency Procedure
 First Aid and Treatment

HIMT
Organizational structure
 The planning for and the implementation emergency procedures
requires an emergency organization
 On the most of the ships the basic structure of the emergency
organization consists of four elements:
 Emergency command center
 Back-up emergency party
 Engineers group or technical team
 The general composition and the tank of the emergency command
center
 The general composition and the task of the emergency party
 The general composition and the task of the back-up emergency
party
 The general composition and the task of the engineers group
 All personnel on board should know their place in the emergency
organization and their duty in case the emergency procedure is
being initiated

HIMT
ALARMS
 The fire alarm signals or general alarm signals are given in case of:
 Fire
 Collision
 Grounding
 Man overboard
 Hose brust
 Major spillage of cargo liquid or escape of vapour
 Other emergency situations, which call for emergency actions
 The other alarm signals are given in case of
 High concentration of toxic flammable vapours
 Unacceptable conditions in cargo tanks or cargo systems
 Unacceptable conditions in auxiliary cargo systems
 Systems failure in cargo plant and auxiliary systems
 Systems failure in engine room or machinery spaces
 Ship’s muster list and emergency instructions specify details of the
emergency alarm signals
 All the personnel on board should be able to identify the different alarm
signals
 All the crew members should be familiar with the emergency plan and act
according to the plan when the alarm is raised
 Any person who discovers an emergency should raise the alarm and pass on
information as quickly as possible

HIMT
EMERGENCY PROCEDURES
 The ship’s muster list and emergency instructions
specify action to be taken by all crew members and
officers in case of an emergency
 All personnel should be familiar with the emergency
instructions and act according to the instructions
when the alarm is raised
 All vessel’s safety plane and fire control plane specify
details and location of all equipment for emergency
use
 All personnel should know the location of emergency
equipment and be familiar with its use
 It is essential that personnel are properly trained for
emergency operations

HIMT
 All equipment which may be used in an emergency
must be maintained in good order and be ready for
use at all times
 Lists basic emergency action to be taken incase of:
 --- Fire
 --- Collision
 --- Grounding
 --- Bursting of a cargo hose
 --- Accident involving personnel
 Lists fire-extinguishing media and explains their use
 The general procedure for fighting a liquefied gas fire
 Emergency procedures for accidents involving cargo
on board are given in the ics cargo data sheets

HIMT
FIRST –AID TREATMENT
 First-aid procedures for accidents involving
cargo are given in the ics cargo data
sheets.
 All personnel should be familiar with the
first –aid procedure set out in the data
sheet for the cargo carried.
 The emergency showers should be used in
the event of spillage of cargo liquid in eyes
or skin.
 Correct treatment for most cargoes is
washing with water for at least 15 minutes
and removing affected clothing.

HIMT
 If frostbite has occurred this should be
treated by immersion in lukewarm water.
 For symptoms of vapour exposure the
treatment for most cargoes is to:
 Remove victim to fresh air
 Give artificial resuscitation if breathing has
stopped or is weak/irregular
 All personnel should be instructed and
trained in the technique of mouth-to-mouth
resuscitation and basic first-aid treatment

HIMT
Day Five Session 2
 Interaction
 Assessment
 Evaluation
 Feedback

HIMT