Principals and methods of

Evaluation
Unit 3
Younas Masih
Lecturer
New Life College of Nursing Karachi

3/27/2015 PME 1
 Objectives
By the end of this session the learners will be
able to,
• Define peer appraisal and self assessment
• Understand developing and Marking scheme
for peer assessment
• Describe the Criteria to develop assessment of
self report and self evaluation skills

3/27/2015 PME 2
 Activity
• Draw a picture of a dinosaur.
– Think about the features which a dinosaur may have.
– Be as creative as you like.
– Your time starts now

3/27/2015 PME 3
 Self Assess your Dinosaur

• Using the marking criteria give yourself a

mark out of 10
• Convert this to a percentage
• How have you done? How could you have
improved?

3/27/2015 PME 4
 Marking criteria

Features Success criteria Marks

Eyes 2 eyes 1
1 eye at front of head 2
Teeth Large, sharp teeth 1
A minimum of 5 teeth showing 2
Neck Short neck 1
Long neck 2
Body Thin body 1
Fat rounded body 2
Tail Long tail 2

3/27/2015 PME 5
 Peer Assess your neighbours dinosaur
• Using the Marking criteria mark your partners
dinosaur out of 10
• Provide feedback to your partner and
compare scores

3/27/2015 PME 6
 SELF EVALUATION
• Self-evaluation is a process which deals with
the value of self confidence. We should be
aware of the fact that working alone has its
own value and importance though it is often
underrated. It is linked with introspection, self-
discovery and self-realization.

3/27/2015 PME 7
 Self Report
Other Types of Self-Report
Attitude Measurement: having the students
measure how much they enjoy a variety of
lessons the teacher teach.
Interest Inventories: when the teacher list the
lesson or topic the class will study. The
students then rank what they our most
interested in studying.

3/27/2015 PME 8
 Self Report
Other Types of Self-Report
Personality Inventories: when the teacher
provides a list of questions to the student
individually. This will help the teacher have an
idea of the student behavior and their
personality towards learning.
Projective Techniques: psychiatric techniques
perform by license doctors. Example
Rorschach Test.

3/27/2015 PME 9
 Cont…
• Learner evaluate himself in various forms,
journalizing, taking tests, writing revisions of work,
asking questions, and through discussions.
• When students evaluate themselves, they are assessing
what they know, do not know, and what they would like
to know. They begin to recognize their own strengths
and weaknesses. They become more familiar with their
own beliefs, and possibly their misconceptions.
• After they self-evaluate they will be able to set goals
that they feel they can attain with the new knowledge
they have about themselves.

3/27/2015 PME 10
 Advantages:
• Self-evaluation is the first essential step in any evaluation
process.
• It is an expected part of student professional performance
and can provide information useful for planning and
student improvement.
• It helps teacher also to write evaluating various aspects of
the performance indicating their strength and weakness.
• It helps the teacher to get an opportunity to think, reflect
and write down the lack points.
• It helps the students to get a better idea of the goals that they are
trying to reach.
• Students can take responsibility for their own learning.
• student get a chance to predict their main targets for the
coming year and think about their career advancement.

3/27/2015 PME 11
 Disadvantages
• Teacher feed back: Students can be undecided or
if they haven’t received enough feedback from the
teacher, they may have doubts regarding to the
progress
• Consciousness: Students need to have a very
high degree of consciousness, so they can be able
to analyze the errors that they have made.
• Format based plan : Self-assessment can be
very time consuming, so as teachers we have to
plan it before and write an adequate format, so it
doesn’t take students too long to answer it, and so
it is easy to check.
3/27/2015 PME 12
 Cont…
• lack of maturity: Some students are not ready
to have a self-assessment task, mostly because
they aren’t aware of the seriousness or
importance of the process.
• Language : It implies knowledge about
language and learning which most second
language learners don’t have.
• Self-evaluation only works if students have
been trained to self-assess themselves.
3/27/2015 PME 13
 PEER EVALUATION
• Students individually evaluated each other's
contribution using a predetermined list of
criteria or may be evaluated by teacher also.
• Grading is based on a predetermined process,
but most commonly it is an average of the
marks awarded by members of the group

3/27/2015 PME 14
 Advantages:

• Encourages student involvement and

responsibility.
• Encourages students to reflect on their role and
contribution to the process of the group Work.
• Focuses on the development of student’s
judgment skills.
• Students are involved in the process and are
encouraged to take part ownership of this
Process.
3/27/2015 PME 15
 Peer Appraisal
• Peer Appraisal: when students rate their
peers, using the same criterion as the teacher.
Two Techniques Used in Peer Appraisal
1. Guess-Who Technique: each student is
presented with a series of brief behavior
descriptions and asked to name those students
who best fit each description. The description
is limited to either positive or negative
characteristic.

3/27/2015 PME 16
 Peer Appraisal
2. Sociometric Technique: a method for assessing
the social acceptance of individual students and
the structure of a group.
Guidelines for Sociometric Choosing:
A. The choices should be real choices that are
natural parts of classroom activities.
B. The basis for choice and the restriction on the
choosing should be made clear.
C. All students should equally free to participate in
the activity or situation.

3/27/2015 PME 17
 Peer Appraisal
Guidelines for Sociometric Choosing:
D. The choices each student makes should be
kept confidential
E. The choices should be actually used to
organize or rearranges groups.

Sociogram: a way of organizing sociomertic data

which can help the teacher organize a
classroom group.

3/27/2015 PME 18
 Cont…
• Provides more relevant feedback to students as it
is generated by their peers.
• • It is considered fair by some students, because
each student is judged on their own Contribution.
• • When operating successfully can reduce a
lecturer's marking load.
• • Can help reduce the ‘free rider’ problem as
students are aware that their contribution will be
graded by their peers.

3/27/2015 PME 19
 Disadvantages:
• Additional time can increase a lecturer’s
workload.
• Students will have a tendency to award everyone
the same mark.
• Students feel ill equipped to undertake the
assessment.
• Students may be reluctant to make judgments
regarding their peers.
• At the other extreme students may be
discriminated against if students ‘gang up’ against
one group member.
3/27/2015 PME 20
 Implications for using self and peer
assessment
To develop peer and self assessment teachers need to …
Train pupils over time to assess their work and the work of others
Plan for peer and self assessment opportunities in their lessons
Systematically explain the learning objectives, outcomes and
contributing success criteria behind each task
Guide pupils to identify their next steps
Frequently and consistently encourage pupils’ self-reflection on
their own learning
Plan opportunities and time to allow pupils to do it!

3/27/2015 PME 21
 Cont…
• Pupils should be encouraged to keep in mind
the aims of their work and to assess their own
progress to meet these aims as they proceed.

• Peer & self assessment make unique

contributions to the development of pupils’
learning – they secure aims that cannot be
achieved in any other way.

3/27/2015 PME 22
 Advantages for the teacher
• Pupils use each other to discuss, prepare and
assess their work. They become independent
learners
• Free time for the teacher to observe pupil learning
• Relaxing – the children do the work, we manage/
overview
• Quicker assessment, immediate feedback
• Pupils learn assessment criteria in an interesting
way, so they remember it and use it automatically.
This makes us more effective

3/27/2015 PME 23
 Self evaluation and self reflection
• These are related concepts
• It’s an introspective process in which a person
observes his/her own feelings and thoughts
• In this process students complete self
evaluation on the criteria based self
assessments
• Rubric or standard evaluation criteria

3/27/2015 PME 24
 Techniques
• Portfolio:
These are the collection of evidences, which
are being prepared by the students and
evaluated by the faculty.
• Journals and logs:
These are the dialogues between the writer and
the reader.

3/27/2015 PME 25
 References
• Billings, D. M., & Halstead, J. A.
(2012). Teaching in nursing: A guide for
faculty (4th ed.). St. Louis, MO:
Elsevier/Saunders.

3/27/2015 PME 26