3G Radio Network Planning Fundamentals: 1 © Nokia Filenams - PPT/ Date / NN

3G Radio
Network Planning
Fundamentals
- Day 2 -
1 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN

Agenda – Day 2
• Radio Resource Management
• Pre-Launch Optimisation
• Nokia WCDMA Base Station Family
• WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
• RAN Sharing
• Multilayer Planning

Radio Resource Management
- Objectives -
At the end of this module you will be able to...
• List all RRM entities and explain their function
• Explain the interworking between Load Control,
Admission Control and Packet Scheduler
• Describe the different handover possibilities
• List the two most important soft handover
parameters
• Describe the difference between non-
controllable and controllable traffic
• Explain why LA, RA, SA and URA area planning
is needed
• Explain the cell search/synchronisation
procedure of the UE
• Explain how scrambling code planning affects
cell search performance
• Explain the concept of group planning

UMTS Traffic Classes
CS domain PS domain
Conversational Streaming Interactive Background
RT traffic NRT traffic

• Conversational class is meant for traffic which is very delay
sensitive while background class is the most delay insensitive
traffic class.
• Conversational and streaming classes are mainly intended to
be used to carry real time traffic flows.
• Interactive class and Background are mainly meant to be used
by traditional Internet applications like WWW, Email, Telnet,
FTP and News
RAN Data Rates
AMR speech
Rate (kbps) 12.20 10.20 7.95 7.40 6.70 5.90 5.15 4.75
Transparent CS data
Rate (kbps) 64 33.6 32 28.8

Extensive multicall capability
Non-transparent CS data
Rate (kbps) 57.6 28.8 14.4
PS data
Rate (kbps) 512* 384 320 256 144** 128 64 32 16 8
* RAN2  Maximum user data rate 384 kbps (512kbps DL in RAN2)

DL
** RAN2
Overview
• Radio Resource Management (RRM) is responsible for efficient utilization
of the air interface resources
• RRM is needed to maximize the radio performance
• Guarantee Quality of Service (BLER, BER, delay)
• Maintain the planned coverage for each service
• Ensure planned capacity with low blocking
• optimise the use of capacity
• RRM can be divided into
• Power control
• Handover control Power Control Admission Control
• Admission control Load Control Iub
Load Control
• Load control (Congestion control)

• Packet scheduling Power Control
BTS DRNC
• Resource Manager Iur Admission Control
Packet Scheduler
Load Control
MS Handover Control
Power Control
Iub Iu
BTS
SRNC

Logical Model
LC PS
• AC Admission Control
RM • LC Load Control
AC
Network based functions
• PS Packet Scheduler
• RM Resource Manager
• PC Power Control
PC • HC HO Control
HC
Connection based functions

Overview of RRM Algorithms
• Power control (PC) maintains radio link level quality by
adjusting the uplink and downlink powers.
• The quality requirements are tried to get with minimum transmission
powers to achieve low interference in radio access network. The basic
functions of WCDMA power control are:
• Open loop power control (RACH, FACH)
• Fast closed loop power control (DCH, DSCH)
• Outer loop power control
• Handover Control (HC) controls the active state mobility of
UE in RAN.
• HC maintains the radio link quality and minimises the radio network
interference by optimum cell selection in handovers. The Handover
Control (HC) of the Radio Access Network (RAN) supports the following
handover procedures:
• Intra-frequency soft/softer handover
• Intra-frequency hard handover
• Inter-frequency handover
• Inter-system (GSM) handover

• Admission Control (AC) decides whether a request to
establish a Radio Access Bearer (RAB) is admitted in the
Radio Access Network (RAN) or not.
• Admission control is used to maintain stability and to achieve high
traffic capacity of RAN. The AC algorithm is executed when radio
access bearer is setup or the bearer is modified. The AC measures
take place as well with all kind of handovers.
• Load Control (LC) continuously updates the load
information of cells controlled by RNC
• Load Control and provides this information to the AC and PS for radio
resource controlling purposes. In overload situations, the LC performs
the recovering actions by using the functionalities of AC, PS and HC.

• Packet scheduler (PS) schedules radio resources for NRT
radio access bearers both in uplink and downlink direction.
• The traffic load of cell determines the scheduled transmission capacity.
The information of load caused by NRT bearers is determined by PS.
• It can be said that PS controls the NRT load when system is not in
overload.
• PS also allocates and changes the bitrates of NRT bearers. PS controls
both dedicated and shared channels.

Wideband Power Based RRM
• Nokia RRM has the following principles for the operation of network based
algorithms, admission control, packet scheduler and load control:
• RRM is operating cell basis, i.e. operations are done for a single cell
without taking neighbouring cells account.
• System load is measured based on total averaged power/ interference
in a cell. In uplink it is the total received wideband interference power
(PrxTotal) and in downlink it is the total transmitted power (PtxTotal).
• AC, PS and LC operations are based these two measurements.
• AC, PS and LC operations are done separately for uplink and downlink.
Uplink Downlink
Node B Measurement Total received wideband Total transmitted
power PrxTotal wideband power PtxTotal
RRM in RNC Keep load at PrxTraget Keep load at PrxTraget

(max) (max)
• RRM has the ability to manage cell loading based on the total average
uplink/downlink power, which has the affect of eliminating the cell shrinkage
occurring due to variations in neighbour cell interference levels.

Power Control
• The target of the power control (PC) is to achieve the minimum signal-to-
interference ratio (SIR) that is required for the sufficient quality of the connection
• Power control provides protection against large changes in shadowing, immediate
response for fast changes in signal levels and interference levels (SIR). Power
control is also needed to cope with the near far problem
• PC entity fulfils the radio link power related adjustment by the following basic
procedures:
• Uplink open loop PC algorithm and random access procedure
• PC for downlink common physical channels
• Fast closed loop PC
• Outer loop PC

Power Control Loops
• Fast Closed loop PC measures the Interference level
• Outer loop PC maintains the set quality
Immediate response
to fading and fast Fast Closed SRNC RNC
changes in signal Loop PC
and interference Iub
levels
DL Outer Node B UL Outer

UE
Loop PC Loop PC
”Quality loop”: Maintains

the specified error rate

Power Control Loops
UL Open loop power control for initial power setting of the UE
• UE performs the initial transmission power calculation with the help of received info from RNC
• path loss between Node B and UE
• uplink interference level (measured by Node B)
• required received C/I
• With Random Access Channel (RACH) power ramping is done with preambles
• Preamble: In the beginning mobile sends low power and increases it until Node B is able to
detect it
• After the initial transmission and the synchronisation procedure the fast closed loop PC starts.
L1 ACK / AICH
Downlink / BS Not detected
P2 RACH
P1
Uplink / MS
Preamble Preamble Message part

Power Control Loops
Fast Closed loop power control (UL/DL)
• Closed loop PC mechanism aims to maintain a SIR target value specified
by outer loop PC. The SIR is measured on pilot bits of the dedicated control
channel and a corresponding transmit power control (TPC) command is
sent on the reverse link.
• In UL closed loop PC, the BTS measures the SIR on pilot bits of the UL
DPCCH and transmits the corresponding Transmit Power Control (TPC)
value on DL DCH. The UE decodes the TPC value and responds
accordingly
• In DL closed loop PC UE measures the SIR value on pilots bits of the DL
DPCH and transmits the corresponding TPC command on UL DPCCH.
• In Nokia RAN 1.5 the DL closed loop PC will be such that a TPC command
will be generated by the UE for every time slot in a radio frame.

Power Control Loops
Outer loop power control
• The outer loop PC adjusts the SIR target used by the closed loop PC. The
SIR target is independently adjusted for each connection based on the
estimated quality of the connection. The initial value is provided by
admission control functionality in the RNC.
• The SIR target value is to be set so that the usage of radio resources is
most effective, the power is set to minimum possible, still ensuring that the
quality of the connection is good enough.
• In uplink outer loop PC the RNC monitors the link quality and adjusts the
new SIR target accordingly for the fast closed loop PC.
• UE takes care of the downlink outer loop PC. Downlink outer loop PC sets
the SIR target for the downlink fast closed loop PC according to quality
estimates of the received channel.
• Downlink outer loop PC functions are mainly located in the UE, but some
control parameters, e.g. BLER target, are set by the RNC.

Power Control Loops
TPC commands UE adjusts
if SIR > (SIR)set then "down" power according
else "up" to TPC commands UE1
P1
• UE1 and UE2 are transmitting on the same frequency
TPC commands => equalizing transmitter powers is critical ("near-far" problem)
P2
• Optimum situation: P1 = P2 at the Node B at all times
• Different path attenuations are compensated by using

Node B power control.
UE2
• Open loop power control: UE adjusts it’s initial transmitter
power according to received signal level
• Closed loop power control: Node B commands UE

to increase or decrease it’s transmission power at 1.5 kHz
It is based on received signal to interference ratio (SIR)
estimates in Node B.
• Closed loop power control also follows the fast fading pattern
at low and medium speeds (< 50 km/h)
Uplink Outer Loop Power Control
required (SIR)set for 1 % FER
• outer loop TPC maintains link
quality
• optimises capacity / range
• is the "link adaptation" method in
WCDMA
MS stands still
• during soft handover: comes after
soft handover frame selection
time if SIR > (SIR)set then "down"
else "up"
if FER increase then

(SIR)set "up"
else (SIR)set "down"
(SIR)set adjustment
command
RNC
CN
outer loop frame reliability info
control

Common Channel Power Planning
BTS power allocation rule:

For Pilot CPCIH 10 %,
For other common channels, 10 %
For dedicated channels, the rest
Ec/Ior=fraction of the power of the channel of interest
from the total BS power.

Power Control & Diversity
• At low UE speed, power control compensates the fading : fairly
constant receive power and Tx power with high variations
• With diversity the variations in Tx power is less
• At UE speed >100km/h fast power control cannot follow the
fast fading, therefore diversity helps keep receive power level
more or less constant
• In the UL Tx affects adjacent cell interference and Rx power
affects interference within the cell.

Handovers
Soft/Softer handover
• In Soft HO MS is simultaneously connected to multiple cells
• In softer HO MS is simultaneously connected to multiple cell within same Node B
• Mobile Evaluated Handover (MEHO)
• Intra-frequency handover
Hard handover
• Intra-Frequency hard handover
• Arises when inter-RNC SHO is impossible
• Decision procedure is the same as SHO
• MEHO and RNC controlled HO
• Causes temporary disconnection of the user
• Inter-Frequency handover (RAN1.5)
• Can be intra-BS hard handover, intra-RNC hard handover, inter-RNC hard handover
• Network Evaluated Handover (NEHO)
• Decision algorithm located in RNC
• Handovers both for RT and NRT Services
• Inter-System handover (RAN1.5)
• Handovers for CS voice and CS data (NEHO)
• Network initiated cell Re-selection for PS (RT or NRT) data to GSM/GPRS

Soft Handover
Softer-Soft HO
Soft-Soft HO
Softer HO
Soft HO

Nokia Soft Handover Algorithm
1. The CPICH Ec/N0 exceeds
Strongest pilot in active set -
Addition Window. The mobile station
MS Ec/N0 Strongest pilot in active set
starts Addition Time timer
MS Ec/N0 value
2. The CPICH Ec/N0 has been
Addition Window continuously higher than Strongest
pilot in active set – Addition Window,
Drop Window RNC add the neighbour to Active set
after the Addition Time timer expires.
3. The CPICH Ec/N0 is smaller than
Strongest pilot in active set - Drop
Window. The mobile station starts
Drop Time timer
1. 2. 3. 4. 4. The CPICH Ec/N0 has been
time continuously smaller than Strongest
Addition Time Drop Time
pilot in active set – Drop Window,
Neighbour Set
Neighbor Set Active Set Neighbour Set
Neighbor Set RNC drops the cell from the active
set to the neighbour set after the
Drop Time timer expires.

Load Control
• The purpose of load control is to optimise the capacity of a cell
and prevent overload situation.
• Load control consists of Admission Control (AC) and Packet
Scheduler (PS) algorithms, and Load Control (LC) which
updates the load status of the cell based on resource
measurements and estimations provided by AC and PS.
Load change
info
AC
Load status
PS
LC NRT load

Load Control
• Since the main criteria in a WCDMA system for the radio
resources is the interference, the load of the cell under the
RNC is measured periodically based on
• uplink interference level
• downlink transmission power levels
• In uplink, the basic measured quantity indicating load is the

total received power of a Node B, PrxTotal
• In downlink, the basic measured quantity indicating load is the
total transmitted power of a Node B, PtxTotal

Radio Interface Load in Uplink
• PrxTarget (dB) defines the optimal operating point of the cell
interference power, up to which the AC of the RNC can
operate. Noise rise as a function of fractional load
20
18
16
14
Noise rise [dB]
12
10
6
OVERLOAD AREA PrxTarget [dB] + PrxOffset [dB]
MARGINAL LOAD AREA PrxTarget [dB]
4
FEASIBLE LOAD AREA
2
Noise floor
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Fractional load

Radio Interface Load in DL
• In the downlink, the own cell load factor can be defined as the
ratio of the measured transmission power, PtxTotal, to the
maximum transmission power of cell
PtxTotal
Ptx _ total
 ˆ Load in DL
[dBm]
Ptx _ BTS max

Cell maximum [dBm]
OVER LOAD AREA

PtxTarget [dBm]+PtxOffset [dB]
MARGINAL LOAD AREA PtxTarget [dBm]
FEASIBLE LOAD AREA
[0...1]
0 1 Load

Admission Control
• Admission Control (AC) decides whether a request to establish a Radio Access
Bearer (RAB) is admitted in the RAN or not.
• AC is used to maintain stability and to achieve high traffic capacity of RAN. The AC
algorithm is executed when radio access bearer is setup or the bearer is modified.
The AC measures take place as well with all kind of handovers.
• The AC algorithm estimates the load increase, which the establishment of the
bearer would cause in the radio network. Both uplink and downlink direction is
estimated separately.
• The inter-cell interference effect is estimated. Bearer is not admitted if the predicted
load exceeds particular thresholds either in uplink or downlink.
• In decision procedure AC will use the load information produced by the Load Control
(LC) and packet scheduler (PS) functionalities of RRM.

Admission Control
• The traffic can be divided into two groups
• Real Time (RT) or non-controllable
• Non-Real Time (NRT) or controllable
• THUS some portion of capacity must be reserved for the RT

traffic for mobility purposes all the time. The proportion
between RT and NRT traffic varies all the time.
Overload area
Overload Margin
Load Target Estimated capacity for
NRT traffic.
Power
Measured load caused

by noncontrollable load
Time
Admission Control
• Since it is not enough to divide the load to RT and NRT one must take into account the
interference coming from surrounding cells.
Traffic is divided into controllable and non-controllable traffic.
Non-controllable traffic = RT users +

other-cell users +
noise +
other NRT users which
operate minimum bit rate
Controllable traffic= NRT users

Admission Control
power
PrxOffset / PtxOffset
PrxTarget / PtxTarget
PrxTotal / PtxTotal
PrxNrt / PtxNrt
PrxNc / PtxNc
controllable power
non-controllable power
time
ADMISSION DECISION: ARAB request is accepted if the estimated non-
controllable uplink and downlink load, measured in total received interference
power and transmitted carrier power, keeps below the planned load target and
the current total load below the overload threshold, defined by target and
offset parameters.

Packet Scheduler
• Packet scheduler is a general feature, which takes care of scheduling radio
resources for NRT radio access bearers for both UL and DL
• Admission control (AC) and packet scheduler (PS) both participate to the handling
of NRT radio bearers
• Packet scheduler allocates appropriate radio resources for the duration of a packet
call, i.e. active data transmission.
Admission control handles
bit rate NRT RAB allocat ed, packet service session

RACH/FACH, DSCH or DCH
allocation
Packet call
time
Short inactive
periods during Packet scheduler handles
packet call

Resource Manager
• The main function of RM is to allocate logical radio resources of NodeB according to
the channel request by the RRC layer for each radio connection
• The RM is located in the RNC and it works in close co-operation with the AC and the
PS
• The actual input for resource allocation comes from the AC /PS and RM informs the
PS about the resource situation
• The RM is able to switch codes and code types for different reasons such as soft
handover and defragmentation of code tree.
• Manages the Node B logical resources
• Node B reports the available logical HW resources
• Maintains the code tree,

• Allocates the DL channelization codes, UL scrambling code, UL channelization
code type
• Allocates UTRAN Registration Area(URA) specific Radio Network Temporary
Identifier(RNTI) allocated for each connection and reallocated when updating URA

Resource Manager
• Spreading = channelization and scrambling operations (producing the
signal at the chip rate, i.e. spreads the signal to the wideband)
• Downlink: Scrambling code separates the cells and channelization code
separates connection
• The length of the channelization code is the spreading factor
• All physical channels are spread with channelization codes, Cm(n) and
subsequently by the scrambling code, CFSCR
• The code order, m and the code number, n designates each and every
channellization code in the layered orthogonal code sequences.
user data widespread data
chanellizationscrambling
code code

DL Primary Scrambling Code
• DL Scrambling code Info is needed for Synchronization between UE and
Node B for cell search & identification procedure during
• call set up
• handover Most Important
• Cell search procedure in UE & in frame synchronization step !
• search step 1: slot synchronization to a cell
• search step 2: frame synchronization & code group identification
• search step 2: scrambling code identification
• Each cell has it's own Scrambling code (like BCCH is GSM) which need to
be planned (like frequency planning in GSM)
• Total 512 scrambling codes are available (0…511), they are in 64 groups,
each group having 8 codes
• Codes could be allocated from same group of from different groups in the
planning area

Primary Scrambling Code
• Here is how Primary Scrambling codes are seen for Planning
Engineer (i=0…511)
Codes 0 1 2… 63
0 0 8 16 504
1 1 9 17 505
2 2 10 18 506
3 3 11 19 507
4 4 12 20 508
5 5 13 21 509
6 6 14 22 510
7 7 15 23 511
Code
Group 1

DL Scrambling Code Planning Rule
• Scrambling code should be selected in optimum way because
• It has affect to the cell search algorithm (time)
• The call setup/HO performance depends on the reliability of the search
procedure in cell search step 2 and 3
• There must be large enough separation (minimum reuse) between two cells
using the same scrambling code (like frequency reuse in GSM)
• Recommended minimum reuse is 64
• Scrambling code Planning Rule

• Minimize the number of used code groups
• Maximize the number of codes per group
• The rule is valid in all neighbour sets in all environments

DL Scrambling Code Planning Rule
• Scrambling code planning is independent for each carrier layer
=> same codes could be used
• Cell search time increases when the number of neighbours is
high like in Urban area
• The size of the neighbour sets should be large enough to
include all useful candidates but as small as possible to
maintain fast synchronization process

DL Scrambling Code Planning Rule - Example
PriScrCode
• Area with 12 Node

B(1+1+1) sites
• Assign the codes such that
codes form geographic
cluster of cells.
UE
• Two code groups enough
up to 15 neighbours
Cluster of cells
having 2 code
groups
IntraFreqNcell
ScrCode
Registration and Service Areas - Overview
• Four Registration areas are known in UMTS
• Location area (LA) in core network CS domain

• Routing area (RA) in core network PS domain
• UTRAN registration area (URA) in UTRAN (not visible to the core
network)
• Cell as the smallest entity in the UTRAN (not visible to the core network)
• Service Area (SA)
• Used to inform the core network about the location of a UE  location

based services
• UTRAN does not make use of SA

Location Area (LA)
• LA is used for location information in the CS domain of the core network
• Each cell in the network is assigned a single location area code (LAC)
 No overlap between location areas.
• A LA consists of a set of cells with a size of at minimum one cell and at

maximum an MSC/VLR area.
• A RNC may include many LAs or a LA may span over many RNC areas
• When crossing the border of an LA in idle mode, the UE has to perform a

location (LA) update procedure.

Routing Area (RA)
• The RA is used for paging in PS domain of the core network
• Each cell in the network is assigned a single location area code (RAC)
 No overlap between routing areas.
• A RA has to be a subset of a LA and cannot span upon more than one LA.
 A RA has a size of at minimum one cell and at maximum a SGSN area.
• When crossing the border of a RA, the UE has to perform a routing area
(RA) update procedure.
• A RNC may include many RAs or a RA may span over many RNC areas.

UTRAN Registration Area (URA)
• URA area is used inside UTRAN, but not at CN level
• Each cell in the network is assigned at least one URA identifier (URAid)
 Overlapping URA’s are possible
• Overlapping URA’s reduces the number of URA updates for a given UE
 URA consist of number of cells belonging to either one or several RNCs
 URA is used to avoid high amount of cell updates for high mobility UEs.
RNC commands the UE to change from CELL_PCH state to URA_PCH
state
 only URA updates instead of cell updates
 URA update is a RRC procedure

Cell
• A cell is the smallest entity in the UTRAN, it is not known in the core
network
• A cell update takes place if the UE leaves the cell border while it is in
CELL_FACH, CELL_DCH or CELL_PCH state.
• Cell update is a RRC procedure

Service Area (SA)
• The SA identifies an area consisting of one or more cells beloning to the
same LA
• The Service Area Identifier is composed of the PLMN Identifier, the Location
Area Code (LAC) and the Service Area Code (SAC).
• Service Area is used for location based services

• In RAN1.5 the max accuracy is the cell level
• In RAN2.1 the accuracy is better -inside the cell
• In RAN2.0 there is the Service Area Broadcast feature which enables

information providers to submit short messages for broadcasting to a
specified Service Area within the PLMN.
These messages could be used for informing about e.g. PLMN news,
emergencies, traffic reports, road accidents, delayed trains, weather
reports, theatre programmes, telephone numbers or tariffs…

Impact of Registration Areas on Common Channel
Traffic
• LA, RA or URA size affects the amount of traffic on PCH in (paging) and on
RACH and FACH (area updates)
• With increasing sizes of LA, RA or URA, traffic on the PCH will increase.
 The bigger the registration area, the higher the probability that extra
PCH traffic is produced in a cell and the higher the PCH traffic is in that
cell.
 With increasing sizes of LA, RA and URA, the traffic on RACH and FACH
will decrease.
 The bigger the registration area, the lower the probability for a specific
UE to cross an area border and therefore traffic caused by LA, RA or
URA updates decreases.
• The planning task is to define the registration area such, that FACH, RACH
and PCH traffic is kept low while the battery liftime of the UEs is kept high.

Agenda – Day 2
• RAN Sharing

Pre-Launch Optimisation
- Objectives -
• List the actions which are done during pre-

launch optimisation
• List the tools which are used during pre-
launch optimisation
• List at least three parameters which could
be tuned during pre-launch optimisation
• Explain the three golden rules for pre-
launch optimisation

Pre-launch Optimisation
Introduction
• Pre-launch Optimisation means actions to meet the defined
coverage and quality criteria
• Drive tests are done to test
• Coverage for different data rate services
• Pilot channel coverage
• Soft handover areas and probabilities
• Quality (BLER)
• Key Performance Indicators (KPI) are defined to measure the
criteria
• Cell total data throughput
• Call setup success rates for different services
• Call drop rates
• Soft Handover performance

Pre-launch Optimisation
Process
Network Management WCDMA RAN
• Nokia NetActTM for 3G
• Field Tool Server configuration
KPIs, counters
Configuration KPIs, air-interface

measurements
RAN Optimisation
• pre-defined procedures
• semi / full automated Start
WindowAdd WindrowDrop CompThreshold DropTimer

Change 1 stepsize Change 1 stepsize Change 1 stepsize Change 1 stepsize
NMS: Collect
network
performance data
No
Evaluate KPI
'HO Overhead'.
OK ?
Field Tool
Yes
Evaluate all Go to relevant

network KPIs. No optimisation
OK ? flow-chart
Yes
End

Tools
• Drive test tools for Coverage verification
• Agilent scanner
• Nemo Technologies TOM
• Ericsson TEMS
• Post Processing tool for rollout verification, planning validation,
infrastructure verification and network optimisation
• Actix Analyzer v. 4.1 and NetAct
• Network Configuration tool for Performance Info (PI, KPI)
• Network Element Management Unit (Nemu)
• Network protocol analyzer for troubleshooting
• NetHawk
• Uplink and Downlink loading tools

Additional
terminals (if
Initial Drive Testing Configuration
available) used
to increase
network load.
Hardblocking
will be used to
limit required RNC
number of BTS Iu-CS
terminals ( ATM )
Iub
(ATM) STM-1
STM-1
Iu-PS
(IP)
Nethawk analyser
A WCDMA scanner (Agilent, Nemo
Technologies TOM or Ericsson TEMS) can be
used for (passive) idle mode downlink
measurements:
• CPICH Ec/Io Extract radio parameters which are
• Active set (neighbor list measurements) exchanged over the RRC protocol:
• Location information • Uplink SIR target, Downlink BLER
When used together with a UE (no target, UL CRC OK/NOK etc.
Postprocessing (Actix and/or
monitoring) and the protocol analyzer, it can • NBAP
a customised tool) tool to
(analysing messaging in Iub interface) be correlate the data from •Radio link Measurement report
used to assess the UE behavior network and terminal side by •Dedicated RRC messages
using the timestamp

Load Generation
• Because the load situation in the network in the beginning is small, load
generation is needed to simulate the situation in loaded network
• In uplink there is a possibility to generate noise simply by adding noise to
the UL branch to test coverage
• by using the UEs which increases the the load in the cell (noise like
interference)
• Use X simultaneous Y kbits/s RT services to achieve the load
• In downlink it is more challenging and also important since a smaller or

larger part of the interference is orthogonal and it is less thermal noise like.
• Orthogonal Channel Noise Simulator (OCNS) is a mechanism used to
simulate the users or control signals on the other orthogonal channels of
a downlink link
• OCNS is a feature candidate in RAN2.1

Soft Handover Optimisation Example
• There are few parameters that
have a great influence for the
Soft Handover of the network
+ Soft HO
Overhead
unnecessary soft
Too wide soft HO
too high HO branch - DL Troughput
area
addition
Addition
Window
Too small soft HO UL macrodiversity

too low - UL Troughput
area gain decrease
• Add Window
• Drop Window + signalling
• Maximum Active Set Size frequent HOs
overhead
• Drop Time
• Transmission power of the CPICH channel
• Replacement Window

Optimising Soft Handover Areas
Before After
Active set
size
“Microscopic
analysis”
on area of 1
km2
and 39 sites
SHOO [%]
40
KPI improvement Degraded performance
Purpose: Increase network 35
performance
Target: Soft Handover Overhead at 30
30
optimal point Selected
Method: adjust window_add and 25 optimal
window_drop parameters parameter
value Semi-optimal
Result: Optimal parameter value 20
found 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Simulation Phase

Optimisation Based on Statistics
• Optimisation is mainly based on Nokia NetAct reports
• Field measurements are used to get additional information from the
pinpointed problem spots
• Useful for optimisation
• To locate the problem spots geographically and by network elements
• To prioritise actions needed with the help of KPIs
• To identify reasons for non-performance by giving information on various
statistical indicators and network history
• Basis for area-wide performance improvement
• Area wide parameter tuning based on long-term statistics and trends
• Alarms of future problems in fast-growing traffic areas
• Prior notice to be able to react in time and to be prepared for network
expansions

Dynamic Simulations for Higher Visibility
Static simulations Dynamic simulations Real network

“Snapshot” “Movie” “Reality”
Simplified and limited Realistic Nokia Current software
Algorithms algorithms, e.g no power algorithms; also future versions in use
control algorithms
Realistic traffic model; Traffic is low in
Traffic No traffic model
projection of traffic network launch
growth
Performance Statistics collected from Statistics collected Statistics collected
snapshots over time period from from network
analysing detailed call management
simulations system
Propagation Ray-tracing propagation Ray-tracing Multipath
model with vector map propagation model propagation
with vector map
Mobility Static Moving randomly or Moving in three
along roads with dimensions
random speed

Optimisation Example
• Initial network plan consisted of total 59 cells, of which 24 were
in micro layer and 35 were in macro layer
• In the first optimisation round antenna tilts and bearings were
tuned in macro cells
• The sites were already optimised for GSM
• Number of served users increased
• outdoor users about 2.5%
• indoor users about 2.6%
• mixed case about 3.1%
• Change of other to own cell interference i (average)

• outdoor: from 0.43 to 0.44
• indoor: from 0.47 to 0.43
• mixed: from 0.43 to 0.44

Macro: Little i in the beginning

Macro: Little i after Optimisation

Capacity increase after Optimisation
• Total number of users is 2500 both in macro and micro layers
• Indoor case means that 14 dB attenuation has been used
compared to outdoor
• Mixed case means that 30 % mobiles are inside
• Increase is more than 10 % as shown below
• Biggest outage reason is the max achieved Node B power
Macro layer Micro layer
optimised optimised
users users change users users change
Outdoor 1931 2206 +14% 1486 1689 +12%
Indoor 1872 2079 +11% 1559 1755 +11%
mixed 1943 2211 +13% 1485 1713 +13%

3 Golden Pre-Launch Optimisation
rules
Optimisation Principles Make sure there is
coverage
Avoid unnecessary Put cells close to users
overlapping
Under
stand Problem
Overlapping of cells, Cell sizes do not match
No coverage
no clear dominance to user distribution
Problem - High i - Outage due to BTS

- Outage due to UE power
indicator - Low capacity power or uplink load
- Outage due to DL link
in Planning - High soft handover - Other cell do not
Detect Tool overhead collect traffic
power
- High noise rise while

Problem - Blocking in some cells - Dropped calls
low throughput in UL
indicator - Other cells do not - Bad quality
- High soft handover
in network collect traffic - Low bit rates for packets
overhead
Solve
- Antenna downtilt
- De-Splitting => 2 cells - Antenna tilting - More sites
Solutions
- Remove sites - CPICH adjustment - Higher link power in DL
- SHO parameters?
- 10-20% higher capacity

Check Results?? - 10-20% higher capacity - Cells collect traffic
more equally

Agenda – Day 2
• RAN Sharing

Nokia WCDMA Base Station Family
- Objectives -
• Name all Nokia Node B‘s with their

maximum configuration
• Explain the signal flow through a Node B
• Locate the Node B units in a cabinet
• Describe different HW configuration
possibilities for a Node B
• List all antenna system components

Overview
Complete Nokia WCDMA BTS Family for every need
• Nokia UltraSiteTM WCDMA BTS for all indoor and outdoor environments
• Nokia MetroSiteTM WCDMA BTS for "siteless" installations
• Triple-mode Nokia UltraSite EDGE BTS for joint GSM and WCDMA networks
Nokia Nokia UltraSite Nokia UltraSite Nokia UltraSite Triple-mode

MetroSite WCDMA BTS WCDMA BTS WCDMA BTS Nokia UltraSite
WCDMA Optima Optima Compact Supreme EDGE BTS
BTS
Indoor Outdoor Indoor Outdoor Indoor Outdoor

UltraSite Optima Compact
Small high capacity WCDMA BTS with integrated battery back-up

• freedom in single cabinet configurations
– 6 WCDMA carriers and IBBU OR 12 WCDMA carriers
• 3 or even 6 sector configurations supported with single cabinet
– 3 sectors with IBBU OR 6 sectors
Widest service area
• excellent RF performance
– output power 10/20/40 W
• optimized for Nokia Smart Radio Concept
– 2+2+2 with SRC UL/DL supported with one cabinet without
IBBU
Single cabinet solution for quick roof-top installations Outdoor
• unobtrusive in roof-top installations due to low cabinet height
– cabinet height 1300 mm • 1300 x 1200 x 790
• minimum floor space when battery back-up is needed mm
– footprint less than 1m2 (790 x 1200 mm)
• outdoor cabinet
• -33°C ... +50 °C
• IP55

UltraSite Optima Compact with RF Extension

•Rectifiers:
UltraSite 3 xOptima
BATA 3.9Compact
kW with IBBU Extension
DC
• Power Distribution Unit
(PDU)
• Common Control Unit
(CCUA)
• LTE space: 3 x HU
• Batteries: 90 Ah (@ 48 V
UltraSite Optima Indoor
Widest service area
• cost optimized solution for network roll-out
Highest possible capacity for every bandwidth

• designed to fully occupy 10 MHz band
– 2+2+2 supported with 1 cabinet
Fits to every site

• minimized site requirements due to compact size
– indoor cabinet 1100 x 600 x 600 mm (H x W x D) Indoor
• cabinet for indoor installations • 1100 x 600 x 600 mm
• -5°C ... +50 °C
• IP20

UltraSite Supreme
High-capacity multimedia BTS
• supports 6 sectored solutions
• up to 12 WCDMA carriers per cabinet
• cabinet chaining for extreme configurations
– chaining of 4 cabinets supported
• optimal for operators with 15 MHz band or more
– 1 cabinet supports up to 4+4+4 with 20W
configurations
Widest service area

• full support for Nokia Smart Radio Concept
– 2+2+2 with SRC UL/DL supported with one cabinet
Minimized footprint
• smallest foot print per WCDMA carrier
– indoor cabinet footprint 600 x 600 mm for 12 WCDMA
carriers Outdoor
– outdoor cabinet footprint 770 x 790 mm for 12 WCDMA Indoor • 1940 x 770 x 790
carriers • 1800 x 600 x 600 mm mm
• cabinets for indoor and outdoor installations • -5°C ... +50 °C • -33°C ... +50 °C
• IP20 • IP55

MetroSite WCDMA
"Siteless" WCDMA BTS appropriate for many different applications
• cost-effective road-side coverage
• in-fill coverage
• indoor services
• targeted coverage and capacity for hot spots
• multi-layer networks
Revolutionary all-in-one solution

• smallest 2 carrier WCDMA BTS
• everything integrated in a single cabinet
– base station, integrated transmission, integrated antenna and
short-term mains failure protection
• common cabinet for indoor and outdoor installations
Macro BTS RF performance in micro BTS size
• as good RX sensitivity as in Nokia UltraSite WCDMA BTS
– output power 8 W
• 996 x 270 x 392 mm
• -33°C ... +50 °C
• IP55
14 UltraSite EDGE/WCDMA
Configurations
13 • 1+1+1, 8W
• 2+2+2, 4W
BTS capacity
• max. 10 Mbit/s per cabinet
KEY:
1 Wideband Transceiver unit (WTR)
1 2 Wideband Power Amplifier unit (WMP)
2 5 Other features
3 Wideband Input Combiner unit (WIC)
4 Wideband Antenna Filter unit (WAF)
1
2
6 7 • 6 GSM/EDGE TRXs and
5 Wideband Suming and Multiplexing unit (WSM)
6 Wideband Application Manager unit (WAM)
1 WCDMA carriers or 12
7 Wideband Signal Processor unit (WSP)
8 Wideband Power Supply unit (WPS)
8 11
3
2 GSM/EDGE TRXs in single
9 Wideband System Clock unit (WSC)
10 ATM Multiplexer unit (AXU)
10
9 cabinet
11 Interface unit (IFU)
12 Wideband Fan Module (WFA)
4 4 4 13 Transmission unit (VXxx)
12 • tri- sectored solutions
14 Bias Tee unit (BPxx)
• 2-port uplink diversity as standard

Indoor Outdoor • AC or DC power feed
• 1800 x 600 x 570 mm• 1940 x 770 x 750 mm
• -5°C ... +50 °C • -33°C ... +50 °C
• IP20 • IP55
Unit Positions in UltraSite Supreme
WEA (1pc)
External Alarm
WAF (6pcs) Unit
Antenna Filter
WPA (6pcs)
Power Amplifier
WTR (6pcs)
Transmitter & WIC
Receiver (3pcs)
Input
WSC
Combiner
(2pcs)
WSM (3pcs) System
Summing & IFU (5pcs)
Clock
Multiplexing Interface
WSP Unit
(18pcs) AXU (1pc)
ATM Cross-connect
Signal
WAM (6pcs) Unit
Processor
Application WPS
Manager (3pcs)
Power Suppy

Optima and Optima Compact Configurations
Optima Number of Output power Max. HW channel Max. HW channel WPA version
Configuration cabinets per carrier capacity / HW Rel.1 capacity / HW Rel.2
1 carrier omni 1 20W 384 768 20W
3 sector 1 1 20W 384 768 20W
carrier (1+1+1)
2+2+2 1 20W 384 768 40W
2+2+2 1 10W 384 768 20W
Optima Number of Output power Max. HW channel Max. HW channel WPA version
Compact cabinets per carrier capacity / HW Rel.1 capacity / HW Rel.2
Configuration
1 carrier omni 1 20W 384 768 20W
1+1+1 1 20W 384 768 20W
1+1+1+1+1+1 1 20W 384 768 20W
2+2+2 1 20W 384 768 20/40W
4+4+4* 1 20W 384 768 40W
2+2+2+2+2+2* 1 20W 384 768 40W
*Available in Release 2
Supreme and Triple-Mode Configurations
Supreme Number of Output power Max. HW channel Max. HW channel WPA version
1 carrier omni 1 20W 576 1152 20W
1+1+1 1 20W 576 1152 20W
1+1+1 1 40W 576 1152 20/40W
1+1+1+1+1+1 1 20W 576 1152 20W
2+2+2 1 20W 576 1152 20/40W
4+4+4* 1 20W 576 1152 40W
2+2+2+2+2+2* 1 20W 576 1152 40W
4+4+4+4+4+4* 2 20W 1152 2304 40W
Triple- Mode Number of Output power Max. HW channel Max. HW channel

1+1+1 1 8W 160 320
2 + 2 + 2* 1 4W 160 320
*Available in Release 2

Signal Flow ATM Cross Connect
ATM Switching from/to
other BS/RNC
Power Amplifier Signal Processor
Linear amplification of 1 RAKE Receiver, (De-)
to 4 carriers Spreading, Channel
coding, ... Interface Unit
Termination point for
transmission
Tx
RF BB
Rx
Bi-directional from/to adj.
CLK WSM
from/to 2./3. WAM

WPA WIC WTR AXU IFU
WSM W W W Iub
Tx/Rx S S S
WAF P P P
Rx Div
to WTR of 2. carrier from WTR of 2. from/to WTR of 2. CLK from/to other
carrier
WAM WSC cabinet(s)
carrier
from/to adj.
WSM
System Clock
CLK to WSM/ Baseband reference
WTR clocks. Synchronises
Summing & Muliplexing
Summing Tx-Samples with Iub
from WSP. Distributing
Rx-Samples from WTR to
all WSP Application Manager
ATM termination point
Contol functions for BS
Transmitter & Receiver
Modulation/Demodulation,
Tx power control, Rx
Antenna Filter Input Combiner power measurements
Filters, amplifies and 2-way combiner & 2-
devides the Rx-signal way devider

1+1+1 (20/carrier) without SRC
WPA
Tx
Rx
Rx
WTR
W W W W
WSM S S S A AXU IFU
P P P M Iub
WAF
WIC
RF section will
change for
WPA
Tx
Rx
SRC
Rx
WTR
configurations
W W W W
WSM S S S A
P P P M
WAF
WIC
WPA
Tx
Rx
Rx
WTR
W W W W
WSM S S S A
P P P M
WAF
WIC
Uplink SRC – 1 Carrier 20W
Ant1 WPA
Tx
Rx
Rx Main
Rx
WTR
Rx Div1
WAF Carrier 1
Ant2 WIC
Tx
Rx
Rx Div2
Rx
WTR
Rx Div3
WAF
Uplink & Downlink SRC – 1 Carrier, 20W/Branch
Tx1
Ant1 WPA
Tx
Rx
Rx Main
Rx
WTR
Rx Div1
WAF Carrier 1
WPA
Ant2 Tx2 WIC
Tx
Rx
Rx Div2
Rx
WTR
Rx Div3
WAF
Uplink & Downlink SRC – 2 Carriers, 20W/Branch
WPA Txsum
Tx
Rx Carrier 1
Rx
Tx
Rx Carrier 2
Rx
WTR
WAF Note:
WPA
Requires Release 2
WIC Units
Txsum
Tx
Rx Carrier 1
Rx
Tx
Rx Carrier 2
Rx
WAF WTR

Upgrade Path
Add Add Add
LPA Increased LPA 2 carriers/
3 LPAs 2 carriers/
2nd carrier power sector sector
2+2+2 2+2+2 2+2+2 2+2+2
2x10 W R 2x20 W R 6x10 W C 6x20 W C
O E
80 Erl C
100 Erl O C
240 Erl C 300 Erl E
C
Add • 2 carriers/BTS • 2 carriers/BTS • 2 carriers/sect • 2 carriers/sect

3 TRXs •10W/carrier • 20W/carrier • 10W/carrier • 20W/carrier
• 40 Erl/carrier • 50 Erl/carrier • 40 Erl/carrier • 50 Erl/carrier
Increased Add
1st carrier power 1 carrier/sector 3 TRXs
1+1+1 1+1+1 1+1+1
R C
20 W R 40 W O
3x20 W E
50 Erl O 60 Erl C 150 Erl
C C
Add Add
• roll-out phase 1 LPA •1 carrier/BTS1 LPA • 1 carrier/sect
•1 carrier/BTS • 40W/carrier • 20W/carrier
• 50 Erl/carrier • 60 Erl/carrier • 50 Erl/carrier
Nokia SRC Capacity Growth Path
• 4-way diversity for maximum cell coverage

2nd carrier
• downlink diversity for enhanced capacity +60%
capacity
DL diversity gain
+75% 2+2+2
4-way UL div capacity 2 x 20W
gain 336Erl
+3 dB 1+1+1
coverage
gain 2 x 20W • 6 dual-TRXs
- 20% 210Erl • 6 LPAs
capacity 1+1+1
20W • 56 Erl/carrier
• 3 dual-TRXs
120Erl • 6 LPAs
1+1+1 • 70 Erl/carrier
20W
150Erl • 6 TRXs or
• 3 dual-TRXs
• without SRC • 3 LPAs
• 50 Erl/carrier • 40 Erl/carrier

Antenna System - Overview
• The WCDMA UltraSite Antenna System contains the
follwing components
• Antennas
• WCDMA Masthead Amplifiers (MHA)
• Bias-T, supplies WCDMA MHA with DC power through
feeder cable, provides lightning protection (can also be used
w/o MHA)
• EMP Protector, lightning protection, only needed if no Bias-
T is used
• Diplexers, combining/dividing two bands such as WCDMA
and GSM to a common feeder line
• Triplexers, combining/dividing three bands such as WCDMA
GSM1800 and GSM900 to a common feeder line
• Feeder and Jumper cables, Grounding kits
Antenna System – WCDMA Panels
WCDMA Broadband Antennas
Weight Frequency Range Gain Beam
Antenna Type Dimensions Downtilt
(kg) (MHz) (dBi) Width
CS72761.01 XPol F-Panel 342/155/69 mm 2.0 1710-2170 12.5 65° 2°
CS72761.02 XPol F-Panel 1302/155/69 mm 6.0 1710-2170 18.5 65° 2°
CS72761.05 Xpol F-Panel 1302/155/69 mm 7.5 1710-2170 17 88° 0°..8°
CS72761.07 XPol F-Panel 1942/155/69 mm 10.0 1710-2170 19.5 65° 0°..6°
CS72761.08 XPol F-Panel 1302/155/69 mm 7.5 1710-2170 18 65° 0°..8°
CS72761.09 XPol F-Panel 662/155/69 mm 3.5 1710-2170 15.5 65° 0°..10°
WCDMA Narrowbeam Antennas

CS727762.01 XPol F-Panel 1302/299/69 mm 12.0 1900-2170 21 30 0°..8°
WCDMA Dual Broadband Antennas (WCDMA/GSM1800 or SRC)

CS72764.01 XXPol F-Panel 1302/299/69 mm 12.0 1710-2170 18.5/18.5 65°/65° 0°..8°/0°..8°
CS72764.02 XXPol F-Panel 1302/299/69 mm 12.0 1710-2170 17/17 85°/85° 0°..8°/0°..8°
WCDMA Omni Antennas

CS727760 Omni 1570/148/112 mm 5.0 1920-2170 11 360° --

Antenna System - Mast Head Amplifier
• Technical Data Sheet:
Gain, RX band
Nominal gain of 12 dB
+/- 0.5 dB room
Ripple
+/- 0.9 dB all temps
Insertion Loss 0.6 dB
0 dB within 20 MHz of
Response, other freqs
passband
Passive Intermodulation Products MHA Input Dynamic Range
PIM level in RX band -119 dBm / 200 kHz 3rd-order intercept 10 dBm
PIM level in TX band -37 dBm / 200 kHz 1dB compression -5 dBm
Rated Power at Ports
Noise Figure 2 dB
ANT port in-band 5 dBm
out-of-band 20 dBm Return Loss, ANT and BTS ports
BTS port avg 46 dBm in-band RX band 16 dB
peak 62 dBm in-band TX band 18 dB
Group delay distortion 20 ns over 5 MHZ
Critical Input RX filter rejections
GSM1800, 1805-1880 65 dB DC Power supplied
UMTS TX, 2110-2170 71 dB 7.0 - 8.6V, UltraSite/MetroSite
Voltage
Critical TX filter rejections 11 - 13 V , CoSited BTS
UMTS RX, 1920-1980 65 dB Nominal current 190 mA
Max. current 350 mA
Alarm Setting Conditions Bypass Mode
Alarm current range 200 - 300 mA Insertion Loss 3 dB
Switch time 100 msec Return Loss 12 dB

Antenna System - Diplexers / Triplexers
• Unit types
•Nokia Triplexer Unit
•Nokia GSM 900 / WCDMA Diplexer Unit
•Nokia GSM 1800 / WCDMA Diplexer Unit
•Selectable DC pass function in each unit

• Technical Data Sheet:
RF Performance
Insertion Loss,
0.3 dB
Port - Common
Isolation, port to
50 dB
port
Return Loss, any
>18 dB
port
Passive Intermodulation
Nokia Triplexer GSM RX band -116 dBm
WCDMA BTS Rated Power at Ports

GSM 900 BTS
GSM 120 W avg 1.44 kW peak
UMTS 55 W avg 2.15 kW peak
GSM 1800 BTS
Antenna System – Bias-T
RF Performance • Function
Insertion loss 0.3 dB • Provides DC power for MHA
Return loss 18 dB
through feeder line
Rated power 55 W avg, 2.2 kW peak
• Lightning protection
Alarm Signal
VSWR alarm 7 dB nominal • Features
threshold +/- 2 dB tolerance • Fault monitoring of MHA and
no alarm: 0 V, 50 mA max
Logic Antenna line
alarmed : 3.3V, 0 mA
• Fowards alarms to WAF
Response time 0.5 sec
no RF power, high VSWR (no • Low insertion loss (<0.3dB)
Alarm indicates: • Can be installed on mast or in any
DC power implied)
DC and Signal WCDMA UltraSite cabinet
Voltage drop 0.5 V
Rated power 7.5 - 9.1V, 350 mA max
DC supply via: RJ-45 from BTS
Ins loss @ 1 MHz 3 dB

Antenna System - Feeders
Diameter Weight Min. Bending Attenuation

Feeder Type
(inch) (kg/m) Radius (mm) @2170MHz (dB/100m)
Single Repeated
CS72251 1/2 0.35 80 160 11.9
CS72252 7/8 0.55 120 250 6.52
CS72254 1 5/8 1.45 250 500 4.05

Upgrades to Current GSM Antennas
150 mm 150 mm
Upgrade :
Current : space +
1300 mm
space polarization
diversity diversity
Space diversity improves

performance 0.5..1.0 dB
compared to single
radome.
The gain of 2.5 dB
assumes single radome. 260 mm
Current : Upgrade:
polarization 2 x polarization
diversity diversity within
one radome

SRC Antenna Solutions
2 pcs X-pol 2 pcs X-pol One SRC

antennas per antennas per antenna per
sector up to 3 sector installed sector. The
m apart form next to each number of
each other others antennas does
not increase.
Agenda – Day 2
• RAN Sharing

WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
- Objectives -
• Describe what can cause interference in

WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
• Describe the different antenna system
sharing solutions
• Describe the meaning of coupling loss and
isolation criteria in shared antennas
• List the aspects having influence to the
overall network quality
• Explain the impact of site & antenna
location to the network quality

WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
Co-Siting Example: UltraSite & Citytalk
GSM
Site Space for 3 cabinets GSM 2+2+2
WCDMA 2+2+2
2+2+2 (10 W)
•Base Station Equipment:

• Nokia UltraSite WCDMA BTS Suppreme with 6 Carriers,
• Nokia Citytalk BTS with 6 TRXs.
•Transmission Equipment:
• Nokia FlexiHopper Microwave Radio
•Separate Antennalines and Shared
Antennas:
• 3 pcs GSM/WCDMA Dual Band X-pol antennas 65 deg
• Optional: Mast Head Amplifiers for one or both networks
•Nokia UltraSite Support:
• 7.8 kW rectifier capacity with N+1 redundancy
• up to 180 Ah battery capacity
• Backup time 1 hour
•Site Environmental Data:
• Footprint (Width mm x Depth mm)
•Indoor: 1800 mm x 620 mm
•Outdoor: 2310 mm x 1110mm
• Weight: Indoor 1030 kg, Outdoor 1290 kg

WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting

WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
GSM
Site Space for 4 cabinets GSM 2+2+2
W 4+4+4+4+4+4
2+2+2 (10 W)
•Base Station Equipment:

• 2 pcs Nokia UltraSite WCDMA BTS Supreme with 12 carriers in each,
• Citytalk GSM BTS with 6 TRXs.
•Transmission Equipment:
• Nokia UltraHopper Microwave Radio
•Separate Antennalines and Shared Antennas:
• 3 pcs GSM/WCDMA Dual Band X-pol 65 deg/33 deg,
• 3 pcs WCDMA X-pol 33 deg antennas
• Optional: Mast Head Amplifiers for one or both networks
•UltraSite Support:
• 14.3 kW rectifier capacity with N+1 redundancy
• up to 180 Ah battery capacity
• Backup time 1 hour
•Site Environmental Data:
• Footprint (Width mm x Depth mm)
•Indoor: 2400 mm x 620 mm
•Outdoor: 3080 mm x 1110mm
• Weight: Indoor 1320 kg, Outdoor 1650 kg

WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
Interference from Other System
• GSM spurious emissions and intermodulation results of GSM
1800 interfere WCDMA receiver sensitivity
• WCDMA spurious emissions interfere GSM receiver sensitivity
• GSM transmitter blocks WCDMA receiver
• WCDMA transmitter blocks GSM receiver
GSM GSM UMTS UMTS

1800 UL 1800 DL UL DL
40
1710-1785 1805-1880 MHz 1920-1980 2110-2170
MHz MHz MHz MHz
WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
Interference from Other System
• Two main reasons to isolate GSM and WCDMA
• Blocking
• Sensitivity
• GSM1800 BTS can have up to - -105.5

NEW spec: -96 dBm / 0.1 MHz
96 dBm / 0.1 MHz = -80 dBm / 4

MHz (relation to 3,84 Mchips)
-106
spurious emissions at the
antenna connector1
Noise Power (dBm)

• Thermal noise floor of the -106.5
WCDMA band is -108 dBm => in

theory -108 dBm - (-80 dBm) = 28 -107
dB isolation needed between

GSM1800 and WCDMA -107.5
-108
30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Antenna Isolation (dB)
1More information: TS 25.104 and GSM 05.05

WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
Harmonic distortion
• Harmonic distortion can be a problem in the case of co-siting of
GSM900 and WCDMA.
• GSM900 DL frequencies are 935 - 960 MHz and second
harmonics may fall into the WCDMA TDD band and into the
lower end of the FDD band.
2nd harmonics
• 2nd harmonics
can be filtered
out at the output
fGSM = 950 - 960 MHz of GSM900
... BTS.
GSM900 WCDMAWCDMA FDD
935 - 960 MHz TDD 1920 - 1980
f
1900 -1920
MHz
WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
IM Distortion from GSM1800 DL to WCDMA UL
• GSM1800 IM3 (3 means • For active elements IM
third order) products are products levels are higher
hitting into the WCDMA than IM products produced
FDD UL RX band if by passive components
fIM3 = 2f2 - f1 • Typical IM3 suppression
• 1862.6  f2  1879.8 MHz values for power amplifiers
• 1805.2  f1  1839.6 MHz are -30 … -50 dBc
depending on frequency
f1 f2 spacing and offset
• Typical values for passive
X dBc fIM3 elements are
-100 … -160 dBc
GSM1800 GSM1800 WCDMA WCDMA

UL DL UL DL
1710 - 1785 MHz 1805 - 1880 MHz 40 MHz 1920 - 1980 MHz 2110 - 2170 MHz

WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
Spurious Emissions from GSM to WCDMA
• Horizontal separation between
antennas
• By proper antenna placement 50dB
isolation reachable
• No deterioration in performance if
GSM BTS compliant with -96dBm
GSM BTS WCDMA BS

WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
• Nokia's diplexer/triplexer combines
GSM/WCDMA to one feeder cable Multiband Antenna
• Diplexer/Triplexer isolation > 50dB
• No deterioration in performance if
GSM BTS compliant with -96dBm
Nokia Diplexer/ Triplexer
GSM BTS WCDMA BS

WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
• Multipanel Antenna in use
• Antenna isolation >30dB
• General GSM requirements Multiband Antenna
fulfilled if GSM BTS compliant
with -96dBm
GSM BTS WCDMA BS

WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
•Worst case scenario
Multiband Antenna
•>30dB isolation
assumption
•GSM BTS spurious
emissions comply "old
spec." -30dBm
Addiotional filter needed
Non-compliant GSM BTS WCDMA BS

WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
Separate Antenna Lines
Typical Requirement for Minimum Coupling Loss between GSM and WCDMA antenn
Nokia equipment 30 dB
Other 50 dB
Without Nokia Mast Head Amplifiers With Nokia Mast Head Amplifiers
Antennas Antennas
for GSM for WCDMA
Nokia MHAs Nokia MHAs for

for GSM WCDMA
GSM BTS WCDMA BTS

Nokia Bias-Ts NokiaBias-Ts
104 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN GSM BTS WCDMA BTS
WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
Shared Antenna Lines with Separate Antennas
Typical Isolation Requirement for diplexers used with:
Nokia equipment 30 dB
Other 50 dB
Without Nokia Mast Head AmplifiersWith Nokia Mast Head Amplifiers
GSM Antenna WCDMA Antenna
GSM Antenna WCDMA Antenna
Nokia MHAs for GSM Nokia WCDMA MHAs

Nokia Outdoor
Bias-Ts
Separate DC feed
Nokia GSM / WCDMA Nokia GSM/WCDMA for new Nokia MHAs
Diplexer Units Diplexer Units with
Selectable DC pass
Nokia Bias-Ts
GSM BTS WCDMA BTS
105 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN GSM BTS WCDMA BTS
WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
Shared Antenna Lines with Shared Antennas
Without Nokia Mast Head Amplifiers With Nokia Mast Head Amplifiers
GSM/WCDMA Dual Band
GSM/WCDMA Dual Band
X-polarized antenna with
X-polarized antenna with 4 antenna connectors
2 antenna connectors (Separate Elements for both
(1800/WCDMA wideband element Systems))
or
built in diplexer function)
Nokia
Outdo
or
Bias-
GSM/WCDMA Ts
Diplexer Units inside Nokia GSM/WCDMA
GSM BTS cabinet Diplexer Units with Separate DC feed
Selectable DC pass for new Nokia MHAs
GSM BTS WCDMA BTS Nokia

Bias-Ts
GSM BTS WCDMA BTS

WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
Antenna Isolation Measurement Example:
Horizontal
Antenna A Antenna B
(fixed) UMTS Front View
GSM1800
horizontal
separation
distance
Side View
direction of radiation
1000mm
2000mm
400mm 650mm
Figure 5. Sketch of measurement configuration

WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
Antenna Isolation Measurement Example:
Horizontal
GSM1800 65 deg to UMTS 65 deg
Horizontal co-polar measurements
75.00
70.00
65.00
1900MHz
Isolation (dB)
1950MHz
60.00
1980MHz
55.00
50dB marker
50.00
45.00
40.00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
..
0.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
1.
Distance (m)

WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
Antenna isolation measurements II: Vertical
Antenna B
UMTS
Antenna A
GSM1800
(fixed)
10m
Figure 11. Sketch of measurement configuration

WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
Antenna isolation measurements II: Vertical
GSM1800 115 deg to UMTS 65 deg
85.00 Noise Floor
Noise Floor
80.00
75.00
Isolation (dB)
70.00 1900MHz
1950MHz
65.00
1980MHz
60.00
55.00
50.00
00
25
50
75
00
25
50
0.
0.
0.
0.
1.
1.
1.
Distance (m)

WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
Planning Rules in Co-siting
• Isolation requirement
• With Nokia equipment 30 dB
• Without Nokia equipment 50 dB
• GSM- WCDMA co-siting is possible if antenna isolation

requirement is fulfilled
• By proper antenna placement
• minimum Horizontal distance (~0.3 m)
• minimum Vertical distance (0.25 m)
• Di- or triplexer is needed in case feeder and antenna is
shared between different systems
• Tighter filtering is needed in Antenna line of Non-compliant
GSM BTS to avoid the TX power interference to WCDMA
Rx
• Careful frequency planning in GSM won't cause interference
to WCDMA
WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
Network Assessment
• Assessment means the evaluation existing 2G sites & antenna
system and possible interference situation for 2G/3G Co-siting
Network Assessment
Network Planning & Site Acquisition
Civil Imp
Design Integrate.
Works

WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
Network Assessment - Network Quality
Requested Network Quality
as guaranteed KPI values =
Equipment Quality +
Network Implementation Quality + Network
Network Planning Quality Planning
Quality
Network Implementation Quality
Equipment Quality
Network Quality does NOT

depend only from network planning

WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
Network Assessment - Dominance & little i
128 kbps
BTS TX power 43 dBm 170
i = 0.2
MS TX power 21 dBm D i = 0.2
Maximum propagation loss (dB)

i = 0.4
Ec/Io -16.5 dB 165 C i = 0.4
i = 0.6
BTS Eb/No 1.5 B i = 0.6
160 i = 0.8
MS Eb/No 5.5 A i = 0.8
Other to own cell 0.2, 0.4, 0.6,
interference ratio i 155
0.8
A B C D
Orthogonality 0.6
150
Channel profile ITU Vehicular
A, 3 km/h
MS speed 3 km/h 145
MS/BTS NF 8 dB / 4 dB
Antenna gain 16 dBi 140

0 500 1000 1500
DL throughput in kbps
• Doubling of the "little i" will cause
throughput to decrease to 70% of the
WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
Network Assessment - Question
Which one of the sites is suitable for 3G ?

WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
Network Assessment - Answer
• Low other to own cell interference can
be achieved by planning clear
dominance areas:
• The cell coverage (and overlap) must be < 300 m
properly controlled. The cell should
cover only what it is supposed to cover
• Low(er) antenna heights and down tilt of
the antennas
• Use buildings and other environmental
structures to isolate cells coverage
> 3 km
• Use indoor solutions to take advantage of
the building penetration loss
• Avoid sites "seeing" the buildings in
horizon especially over the water or
otherwise open area (due to huge
interference)
WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
Network Assessment - Impact of tilting
Cell B - downhill gradient Cell A - uphill gradient
Connnected to
over 15 neighbours
!
significantly relatively
greater catchment limited
area catchment area
• Too high “visibility”
across the network The obvious solution is to
increase the antenna downtilt
• Has low capacity due to to restrict the cell footprint to
huge inter-cell a more reasonable area
interference and SHO
117 © NOKIA
overhead
FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
Network Assessment - Check List
Problem indication
Basic rules Solutions
if rule is not applied
Dropped calls
(1) Make sure
Bad quality Do not use this site
there is coverage
Low bit rates
Not clear dominance area 1. Use Antenna tilting

(2) Avoid unnecessary
 High inter-cell interference 2. Put Antennas lower
overlapping of cells
 Low capacity 3. Do not use the site
Users at the cell edge

(3) Locate cells 1. Use Different site
 high inter-cell interference
close to users 2. Use Antenna tilting
 high soft handover overhead
(4) Make cell sizes Blocking in some cells, 1. Use Antenna tilting
match user distribution others do not collect traffic 2. Do not use the Site

WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
Co-siting Optimisation Example
• WCDMA 1900 Network
• Identified places for optimisation
• Urban area:high other-cell interference
• Rural area: a few sites collecting a lot of interference
• Optimisation approaches
• Antenna down tilting
• Antenna lowering

WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
Co-siting Optimisation Example - Rural Area
• 27 sites, 49 cells
• Omni, 2-sector and 3-sector
sites
• Varying antenna heights
• Area 15 km x 15 km
• On average 8 km2 per site
• Terrain: hilly with waters

WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
Co-siting Optimisation Example - Urban Area
• 16 sites, 48 cells
• All 3-sector sites
• similar height
• Area 10 km x 12 km
• On average 7 km2 per site
• Terrain: flat without waters

WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
5 Degree Downtilt Everywhere - Capacity
• Down tilting everywhere improved capacity in urban area by
13%, but reduced slightly capacity in the rural area
• The urban area benefited from down tilting because of high
overlapping of the cells before optimisation (=high i)
Optimization Effect
Before Optim
After Optim
2000
Number of Users
1500
1000
500
0
Rural Urban

WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
5 Degree Downtilt Everywhere - Coverage
• Coverage probability got lower in urban area after downtilting
Optimisation 2 branch Rx diversity
Indoor coverage
Outdoor coverage
(+20 dB loss)
Rural before after before after
Speech 12.2 kbps 95% 89% 40% 37%
Data 64 kbps 85% 77% 22% 22%
Data 144 kbps 78% 68% 15% 16%
Urban before after before after
Speech 12.2 kbps99.9% 99.9% 74% 61%
Data 64 kbps 99.8% 98.6% 46% 38%
Data 144 kbps 99.1% 96.2% 33% 29%
Coverage %
reduced after
downtilting

WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
Optimisation Affects Neighbouring Sites
• Those sites which
suffered are close to the
optimised sites
• Also the surrounding
sites should be
considered in the
optimisation
performance
decreased
optimised
site

WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
Little i After Optimisation – Urban Area
Urban Area Distb'n Other to Own (i) (Initial) Urban Area Distb'n Other to Own (i) (Tilted)
16 Other to Own (i) 16

Other to Own (i)
20 W 20 W
14 14
12 12
10 10
# of cells
# of cells
8 8
6 6
4 4
2 2
0 0
i i
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4
• After optimisation the little i is more uniform in all cells, i.e. the
performance of the worst cells has clearly improved
• Average little i 1.3  0.78

WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
Number of Users After Optimisation – Urban Area
Urban Area Distribution of Mobiles (Initial) Urban Area Distribution of Mobiles (Tilted)
16 16 Worst
users per cell users per cell
14 14 cells
12 12 clearly
10 10 improved
# of cells
# of cells
8 8
6 6
4 4
2 2
0 0
MSs MSs
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80
• After optimisation the number of users per cell is more uniform in

all cells, i.e. the performance of the worst cells has clearly
improved
• Average number of users 36  41 (i.e. capacity increase ~13%)

WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
Soft Handover Overhead After Optimisation
Soft Hand-Off Overhead and Probability (Original) Soft Hand-Off Overhead and Probability (Optim)
45% Rural 45%

Rural
40%
Urban
40% Urban
35% 35%
30% 30%
25% 25%
20% 20%
15% 15%
10% 10%
5% 5%
0% 0%
SHOProb. Soft(+er)HOverhead SHOverhead AreaProb% SHOProb. Soft(+er)HOverhead SHOverhead AreaProb%
• Soft handover overhead is reduced after optimisation in urban

area since the cell overlapping (=little i) is reduced
• Soft handover probability reduced 30%  26%
• Soft handover overhead reduced 39%  33%

Agenda – Day 2
• RAN Sharing

RAN Sharing
- Objectives -
• Explain the meaning of RAN sharing and

its key benefits
• Explain what network elements are
possible to be shared in RAN
• Describe the most important network
planning issues to be taken into account in
RAN sharing

RAN Sharing
Overview
• Network sharing, i.e. one network operator provides the entire network
for certain area's with the other acting as a MVNO (Mobile Virtual
Network Operator).
• No impact on the radio network dimensioning
• Geographical network sharing, i.e. one operator south, one north

• Site sharing, i.e. sharing new or existing sites including antennas, site
support systems and potentially transmission
• RAN sharing (Multioperator RAN), i.e. sharing the entire RAN in a

specific area where the amount of traffic is predicted to be low, so that it
does not make economically sense to build independent networks

RAN Sharing
From Site Sharing to RAN Sharing
Scope of sharing: • Sharing of RNCs and BTSs:
• RNC • Initial coverage with low service
• Site environment demand
• BTS Equipment space (cabinet) • Low-traffic areas
• SiteSupportSystem • Places with limited BTS sites, e.g.
• Transmission subways
• Antenna and feeders (optional) • Fewer sites with larger
Cost savings in configurations when
• Civil works • Environmental impact counts
• Equipment (feeders, antennas,
BBU) Up to 4 operators with own:
• Annual rents • Core networks
• Site acquisition( hunting, • Services
permissions etc) • Network Management System
• Operational costs
• Dedicated RAN from any vendor in
• Transmission (and transmission management) non-shared areas

RAN Sharing
Concept
Operator 1
CS CN
MNC 1
Operator 1 Frequency 1
PS CN Shared RNC
MNC 1
Shared BTS
Operator 2 Frequency 2
CS CN
MNC 2
Operator 2 MNC 2
PS CN 3) dedicated BTS for each operator
OSS of
one operator
or Multi-RAN OSS
1) cabinet, BB, WAF, WPA shared

dedicated WTR
Reqired: Frequencies within 20MHz band! 2) cabinet and BB shared
dedicated WAF,WPA, WTR

RAN Sharing
Concept
1. Sharing whole BTS including WPA:
WPA
ANT1/1 WAF 28/50 W WTR
D TX
P RX
ANT2/1 X Operator specific
RX
WTR
TX
Common Antennasystem RX
RX
WAF and WPA
NOTE: Frequencies need
to be within 20 MHz band
2. Cabinet and BB shared:
WPA
D 28/50 W WTR
ANT1/1 TX
P RX
X RX
Operator specific
WAF WPA WTR, WPA and
28/50 W
ANT2/1 D WTR
TX WAF
P RX
X RX
- no frequency restriction
Common Antennasystem - higher outputpower per carrier
(feeders, antennas, MHA´s) - with Rel.2 units up to 4+4+4/20W
per carrier
RAN Sharing
How Operators can work with shared RAN ?
• Each Operator has own
• PLMN -id
• Carrier Frequency
• RRM parameters & traffic Monitoring
• Neighbour cell lists (own Inter-System HO decisions)
• Operators may add independently BTS where they

want to provide better coverage or more capacity
• Due to own Frequencies and PLMN-id.
• Operator specific cell is possible
• Mobile Stations (MS) can show appropriate operator logo
• Global roaming easy
• No extra support features from MSs needed,

• works with 3GPP R99 WCDMA MSs
• Needs SW-update to Nokia WCDMA RAN

Agenda – Day 2
• RAN Sharing

Multilayer Planning
- Objectives -
• Explain the meaning of WCDMA/GSM

interworking
• Explain the reasons for multilayer usage
and how it is done
• Describe the 3G network evolution from
cell layer point of view
• Explain when compressed mode is
needed and what drawback it has
• Explain on what criteria cell-reselection
and handover strategies are based on

Multilayer Planning
Interworking in RAN 1.5
• Interworking means Handover functionality between GSM and WCDMA or
between WCDMA carriers
• Handover from GSM to WCDMA or from WCDMA to GSM is inter-system
hard handover
• Handover between WCDMA carriers is inter-frequency hard handover
(intra-BTS, intra-RNC, inter-RNC handover)
• Interworking is possible also in idle mode when making cell re-selection
• Handover reasons are mainly based on

coverage in WCDMA and load in GSM
• Compressed mode is used in WCDMA for
inter-frequency or inter-system neighbour
measurements before handover decision
• Service downgrade/upgrade might be needed
during inter-system handover

Multilayer Planning
Handover Types in RAN 1.5
Operator 1 Operator 2
3G HLR/AUC
E-interface
MSC/VLR 3G MSC
3G
3G HLR/AUC
MGW
A-interface
2G MSC/VLR
Iu (cs)-interface
MGW
GSM BSS GSM BSS
Intersystem, Intrasystem,
Intra-MSC, Inter-MSC,
Intra-PLMN Inter-PLMN
UMTS RAN MSC/VLR
2G
Intrasystem, UMTS RAN
Intra-MSC, Intersystem,
Intra-PLMN Intrasystem, Inter-MSC,
UMTS RAN UMTS RAN
Inter-MSC, Inter-PLMN 2G HLR/AUC
Intra-PLMN GSM BSS

Multilayer Planning
Introduction
• Multilayer Network means
the use of microcellular
network to give more
capacity needed in traffic hot
spots
• Macro layer is mainly used
for coverage and fast moving
mobiles
• Micro layer is used to
provide capacity for traffic
hot spots
• Typically different
frequencies are used for
different layers
• Other layer’s frequency
139 can be reused in some
© NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
Multilayer Planning
Capacity in Macro vs. Micro Environments
• Packet data throughput, calculated with CDMA capacity
formulas Assumptions Micro cell:
Macro cell Micro cell higher orthogonality
Downlink 0.6 0.95
orthogonality
Other-to-own cell 0.65 0.2
interference ratio i
Uplink Eb/N0 1.5 dB 1.5 dB Micro: higher
Uplink loading 60% 60%
isolation between cells
Downlink Eb/N0 5.5 dB 8.0 dB
Downlink loading 80% 80%
Results
These figures without
Macro cell Micro cell
transmit diversity
Uplink 1040 kbps 1430 kbps
Downlink 660 kbps 1440 kbps
• Downlink capacity is more sensitive to the environment

because of orthogonal codes (other cell interference affects
more downlink)
140 • Micro cells provide a higher capacity due to less multipath
© NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
Multilayer Planning
Multilayer Antennas
• The general rule is that microcellular antenna placement provides better
(very high) capacity but lower coverage
• The key question is : When this should be done?
• The capacity is high because the cells are well isolated and the DL is quite
orthogonal
• The coverage is low because the very same buildings that isolate the cells
from each other also isolate the mobiles from the Node B in larger cells
• The factors affecting the decision include at least
• Traffic density
• Max required bitrate in the UL direction
• Inter-cell interference with different antenna positions
• Propagation loss with different antenna positions
• Site acquisition costs
• Etc.

Multilayer Planning
Solution 1
• Most simple usage of two carriers.

• In an area which is covered by a
continuous cell layer and the capacity
requirement exceeds the available
capacity the most simple solution is to
add a second carrier to the cells, co-
located with the first carrier. WCDMA f1, fWCDMA
2 f1, fWCDMA
2 f1 , f2
• This process can be continued further
to additional carriers.
• Compressed mode raises the
interference.
• The traffic between the carriers could
be balanced by directed RRC
connection setup in the call setup
phase and by inter-frequency
handovers.

Multilayer Planning
Solution 2
• Micro cell layer in the middle of surrounding
macro cells using the same carrier as the
macro cells.
• This way of mixing different cell types is fully
applicable but it requires that clear dominance
areas for micro and macro layers.
WCDMA f1 WCDMA f1
• This is a microcell solutions for covering holes
• In long run going to smaller cell sizes cannot be W f1 W f1W f1
avoided in hot-spot areas, and a micro cellular
solution has the benefit that inter-cell
interference is minimised, leading to increasing
cell throughput and user bit-rates.

Multilayer Planning
Solution 3
• Different frequencies are used for
different layers (Hierachical Cell
Structure HCS)
• From the network planning point of
view this solution is easier to deploy
than the previous since overlapping is
possible. WCDMA f1 WCDMA f1
• The macro layer can collect traffic
from micro layer's dominance area
W f2 W f2 W f2 W f2
whereas in solution 2 macro cells and
micro cells collect traffic within their
own dominance areas.
• This is the microcell solutions for
capacity reasons

Multilayer Planning
Solution 4
• In addition to solution 3 the
GSM/GPRS macrolayer is added to
HCS
• Dual mode UE‘s can change to
GSM/GPRS where no WCDMA
coverage exists, this enables to GSM/GPRS GSM/GPRS
provide seamless 3G services without
seamless WCDMA coverage WCDMA f1 WCDMA f1
• Allows traffic balancing between
GSM/GRPS and WCDMA W f2 W f2 W f2 W f2
• Compressed mode raises the
interference. BSIC decoding is time
consuming
• This is the solution if WCDMA/GSM
interworking is required

Multilayer Planning
RAN1.5 Handover functionality
GSM/GPRS GSM/GPRS GSM/GPRS GSM/GPRS
WCDMA WCDMA WCDMA

Coverage reason IS-HO
Load reason IS-HO W W W W
from GSM(BSS10.5)
Coverage reason IF-HO
• GSM handover
• Based on RSSI measurements of all cells in neighbour list
• Controlled by HO algorithms in BSC
• WCDMA soft handover
• Based on pilot Ec/No measurements of all cells in neighbour lists on the
same frequency
• Mobile Evaluated handover (MEHO) controlled by SHO parameters
• WCDMA IF & IS handover
• Based on measurement results in serving cell
• Coverage (CPICH RSCP or CPICH Ec/No)
• UL DCH quality,UL DCH Power, DL DPCH power
• Network evaluated handover (NEHO) controlled by IF and IS HO
parameters
Multilayer Planning
WCDMA Compressed Mode
• Compressed mode is the method to create idle periods (=gap) in the
transmission in order to perform Inter-Frequency or Inter-System
measurements during the gap
Measurement gap
Compressed
mode
Normal frame Normal frame
• Because same data amount is sent during shorter time it has the following
affect to the cell
• Reduced UL coverage
• Reduces DL capacity
• Reduced Quality

Multilayer Planning
Cell Re-selection between layers
• Cell selection & re-selection can be done
• without HCS operation

• with HCS operation
• Normally cell re-selection is done to cell having better coverage, but with
HCS operation the cell re-selection is also possible to the weaker cell or to
the GSM (in case they have higher priority)
• Both quality and level should be good enough in the neighbour cell before
cell re-selection
• Neighbour cells with different priorities could be prioritised by using offset
during penalty time
• Cells having same priorities (or HCS not used) are ranked and cell re-
selection is done to the best cell
• Traffic balancing with directed RRC connection setup is possible in WCDMA

Multilayer Planning
Usage of Hierarchical Cells
• Use HCS parameters => mobile camps to micro cell
whenever it is available
• HCS parameters not supported in dedicated mode
Hot spot Macro
area
f1 f1 f1 Fast moving MSs-
feature can also
f2 f2 f2 f2 be used to push
Micros UE to Macro Layer
to avoid frequent
cell re-selection
f2 f1 f1
Start call in micro cell Coverage reason handover

because of HCS priorities from micro to macro
Multilayer Planning
Fast Moving Mobiles in Micro Cells
• Fast moving mobiles can be handed over from micro frequency
to macro frequency
• High mobility is detected based on the frequency of active set
updates
WCDMA macro f1
X
Micro f2 Micro f2 Micro f2 Micro f2
Fast moving mobile Too frequent active set updates

within micro frequency  initiate
inter-frequency handover to
macro frequency
Multilayer Planning
Cell Re-selection Rules
• During cell re-selection it is possible to camp on GSM or
WCDMA depening how parameters are set in serving and
neighbouring cell
• Camping on GSM is recommended:
• Continious GSM coverage
• 3G ->2G handover amount is reduced or it is not at all
supported
• Camping on WCDMA is recommended:
• Continious 3G coverage, utilize fully 3G network
• For dual mode Mobiles
• 2G ->3G handover is not supported
• Initial Nokia implementation strategy is to push all dual
mode MS to WCDMA

Multilayer Planning
Inter-System Handover Rules
• 5 Handover Triggering reasons is possible from WCDMA
• CPICH Ec/No, CPICH RSCP, UL quality & Power, DL Power
• GSM neighbours are measured only in Compressed mode, not
all the time
• UE needs more power for neighbour measurements during
compressed mode -> measurements should start early enough
• BSIC decoding time need to be taken into account; the ISHO
procedure could take more time in case many GSM
neighbours are measured as neighbours
• Handover from GSM to WCDMA is done only if GSM load is
high enough

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2 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN

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Conversational Streaming Interactive Background

RT traffic NRT traffic

Rate (kbps) 64 33.6 32 28.8

Rate (kbps) 57.6 28.8 14.4

Rate (kbps) 512* 384 320 256 144** 128 64 32 16 8

* RAN2  Maximum user data rate 384 kbps (512kbps DL in RAN2)

• Load control (Congestion control)

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RRM in RNC Keep load at PrxTraget Keep load at PrxTraget

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DL Outer Node B UL Outer

”Quality loop”: Maintains

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• Different path attenuations are compensated by using

• Closed loop power control: Node B commands UE

if FER increase then

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BTS power allocation rule:

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• In uplink, the basic measured quantity indicating load is the

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Ptx _ BTS max

OVER LOAD AREA

FEASIBLE LOAD AREA

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• THUS some portion of capacity must be reserved for the RT

Measured load caused

Non-controllable traffic = RT users +

Controllable traffic= NRT users

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bit rate NRT RAB allocat ed, packet service session

32 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN

• Maintains the code tree,

33 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN

user data widespread data

34 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN

35 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN

36 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN

• Scrambling code Planning Rule

• The rule is valid in all neighbour sets in all environments

37 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN

38 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN

• Area with 12 Node