Chapter 3:

BASEBAND PULSE AND DIGITAL SIGNALING

 Chapter Objectives:
• Analog-to-digital signaling (pulse code modulation )
Binary and multilevel digitals signals
• Spectra and bandwidths of digital signals
• Prevention of intersymbol interference
• Time division multiplexing
• Packet transmission

Huseyin Bilgekul
Eeng360 Communication Systems I
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Eastern Mediterranean University Eeng 360 1
 INTRODUCTION
 This chapter we study how to encode analog waveforms into base
band digital signals. Digital signal is popular because of the low
cost and flexibility.
 Main goals:
• To study how analog waveforms can be converted to digital
waveforms, Pulse Code Modulation.
• To learn how to compute the spectrum for digital signals.
• Examine how the filtering of pulse signals affects our ability to
recover the digital information. Intersymbol interference (ISI).
• To study how we can multiplex (combine) data from several
digital bit streams into one high-speed digital stream for
transmission over a digital system Time-division Multiplexing.

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 PULSE AMPLITUDE MODULATION
 Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM) is used to describe the
conversion of the analog signal to a pulse-type signal in which the
amplitude of the pulse denotes the analog information.

 The purpose of PAM signaling is to provide another waveform that

looks like pulses, yet contains the information that was present in
the analog waveform.

 There are two classes of PAM signals:

• PAM that uses Natural Sampling (gating);
• PAM that uses Instantaneous Sampling to produce a flat-top
pulse.

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 Natural Sampling (Gating)

DEFINTION: If w(t) is an analog waveform bandlimited to B hertz, the PAM

signal that uses natural sampling (gating) is

ws(t) =w(t)s(t) Where

S(t) is a rectangular wave switching waveform and fs = 1/Ts ≥ 2B.

THEORM: The spectrum for a naturally sampled PAM signal is:
 
sin( nd )
Ws ( f )  F[ws (t )]  
n 
cnW ( f  nf s )  d 
n   nd
W ( f  nf s )

• Where fs= 1/Ts, ωs = 2π fs,

• the Duty Cycle of s(t) is d = τ/Ts ,
• W(f)= F[w(t)] is the spectrum of the original unsampled waveform,
• cn represents the Fourier series coefficients of the switching waveform.

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 Natural Sampling (Gating)
w(t)

s(t)

ws(t) =w(t)s(t)

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 Generating Natural Sampling
 The PAM wave form with natural sampling can be generated using a
CMOS circuit consisting of a clock and analog switch as shown.

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 Spectrum of Natural Sampling
 
sin( nd )
Ws ( f )  F[ws (t )]  
n 
cnW ( f  nf s )  d 
n   nd
W ( f  nf s )

• The duty cycle of the switching

waveform is d = τ/Ts = 1/3.
• The sampling rate is fs = 4B.


sin( nd )
Ws ( f )  d 
n   nd
W ( f  nf s )

sin( nd )
d
 nd

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 Recovering Naturally Sampled PAM
 At the receiver, the original analog waveform, w(t), can be recovered
from the PAM signal, ws(t), by passing the PAM signal through a low-
pass filter where the cutoff frequency is: B <fcutoff < fs -B

 If the analog signal is under sampled fs < 2B, the effect of spectral
overlapping is called Aliasing. This results in a recovered analog
signal that is distorted compared to the original waveform.

LPF Filter
B <fcutoff < fs -B
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 Demodulation of PAM Signal
 The analog waveform may be recovered from the PAM signal
by using product detection,

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 Instantaneous Sampling (Flat-Top PAM)
• This type of PAM signal
consists of instantaneous
samples.

• w(t) is sampled at t = kTs .

• The sample values w(kTs )

determine the amplitude of
the flat-top rectangular
pulses.

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 Instantaneous Sampling (Flat-Top PAM)
 DEFINITION: If w(t) is an analog waveform bandlimited to B
Hertz, the instantaneous sampled PAM signal is given by
 
 

ws (t )   w(kTs )h(t  kTs )  h(t )   w(kTs ) (t  kTs )  h(t )   w(t )   (t  kTs ) 
k  k   k  
– Where h(t) denotes the sampling-pulse shape and, for flat-top sampling,
the pulse shape is,

THEOREM: The spectrum for a flat-top PAM signal is:


1
Ws ( f )  H ( f )  W ( f  nf s )
Ts k 

 sin  f 
H ( f )   h(t )     
  f 
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 The spectrum of the flat-top PAM
 Analog signal maybe recovered from the flat-top PAM signal by the use of a LPF.
LPF Response
Note that the recovered signal
has some distortions due to the
curvature of the H(f).
Distortions can be removed by
using a LPF having a response
1/H(f).

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 Some notes on PAM
• The flat-top PAM signal could be generated by using a sample-
and-hold type electronic circuit.
• There is some high frequency loss in the recovered analog
waveform due to filtering effect H(f) caused by the flat top pulse
shape.
• This can be compensated (Equalized) at the receiver by making the
transfer function of the LPF to 1/H(f)
• This is a very common practice called “EQUALIZATION”
• The pulse width τ is called the APERTURE since τ/Ts determines
the gain of the recovered analog signal

 Disadvantages of PAM
• PAM requires a very larger bandwidth than that of the original signal;
• The noise performance of the PAM system is not satisfying.

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