SIGNALLING

• INTRODUCTION
• In telecommunication network, signaling system is essential along with switching systems
and transmission system.
• These, systems are more compatible with switching systems in networks. They must transmit
all the signals required to operate the switches.
• They must be compatible with the transmission system in the network in order to reach the
exchange which they control.
• Thus, the design of signaling system is influenced by both switching and transmission
requirements and the evolution of signaling has followed developments in switching and
transmission.
• Line signaling is concerned with conveying information on the state of the line or channel,
such as on-hook, off-hook (answer supervision and disconnect supervision, together referred
to as supervision), ringing current (alerting), and recall.
• Register signaling is concerned with conveying addressing information, such as the calling
and/or called telephone number
SIGNALLING
• Channel-associated signaling (CAS) employs a signaling channel which is dedicated to a
specific bearer channel.
• Common-channel signaling (CCS) employs a signaling channel which conveys signaling
information relating to multiple bearer channels. These bearer channels therefore have their
signaling channel in common.
• Compelled signaling refers to signaling where receipt of each signal from an originating register
needs to be explicitly acknowledged before the next signal is able to be sent
• Subscriber signaling refers to the signaling between the telephone and the telephone exchange.
Trunk signaling is the signaling between exchanges.
Customer line signalling
Audio frequency junctions and circuits
Audio frequency junctions and circuits
 FDM carrier Signalling

• In channel signalling: This type of signalling is also known as per trunk signalling in which the
same channel which carries user voice (or ) data to pass control signals relate to that call (or)
make connection.
• Different forms of In channel signalling:
• DC signalling: when an unamplified audio line plant which permits an individual metallic
signalling path per speech circuit is used, the DC signalling can be applied. Which is very reliable,
simple and cheap.
• Low frequency signalling: when amplified audio circuits are in use, low frequency ac signalling
may be applied or used.
• Voice frequency signalling: In FDM carrier systems, voice frequency signalling is used because
FDM transmission systems are not suitable for low frequency ac signalling and dc signalling.
Out Band signalling
Inband (VF) signalling
PCM Signalling
 Inter Register Signalling

• For a multilink connection in a network of register controlled exchange, a register in the

originating exchange receives the address from the calling subscriber and sends out by routing
digits.
• The succeeding register both receives and sends out the routing digits until the terminating
exchange is received.
• This sequence of operation introduces post-dialing delay.
• To minimize this delay, a more rapid method of sending route information than loop/disconnect
pulsing is needed and in-band multi-frequency signaling system have been developed for this
purpose.
• An inter register signaling system cannot be used for seize, answer and clear signals.
• No register is connected when incoming seize signals is received, since this is the signal that
initiates the connection to a register.
• The register is released after it has setup a connection through its exchange and sends out routing
digits; therefore, it cannot receive answer and clear signals.
• Either en-bloc or overlap signaling methods are used to reduce post dialing delay.
• In en-bloc signaling method, the complete address information is transferred from one to the
next as a single string of digits. Thus, no signal is send out until the complete address has been
received and analysed.
• In overlap signaling, digits are send out as soon as possible. Thus, some digits may send before
the complete address is received and signaling may takes place simultaneously on two links( i.e;
the signal overlap). This enables subsequent registers to start analysis earlier than is possible with
en-bloc signaling.
• Either link-by-link signaling or end-to-end signaling is employed.
• In link- by-link signaling, information is exchanged only between adjacent registers in multilink
connection.

• This has the advantage that signals only suffer the transmission impairments of single link. Also,
different signaling systems may be used on different links.
• Thus, if a network is being modified, all registers need not to be modified simultaneously.
• However, each transit register must receive, store and retransmit the complete address
information. Consequently, link-by-link working has a disadvantage that the holding time of
registers and the post dialing delay is longer, particularly if backward signaling is used in addition
to forward signaling.
• In end-on-end signaling, the originating register controls the setting up a connection until it
reaches it final destination.

• Each transit register receives only the address information received to select the outgoing route
to the next exchange in the connection.
• Having performed this task, it is released and the originating register signals to the next register.
• End-on-end signaling has the disadvantage that all registers must be compatible with the
originating register. Also, signals suffer the transmission impairments of several links in tandem.
• However, each transit register needs to receive and retransmit only part of address information,
so, register holding times and post dialing delay are shorter than link-by-link working.
• For this reason most of the network use this signaling.
• The arrangement used for Multifrequency (MF) inter register signaling is shown below
• Each digit is sent by a combination of two frequencies out of six (2/6 MF).
• Since two frequencies are required to represent a digit, this gives an error-detection capability.
• Combinations of two frequencies out of six give 15 possible digit values, so, extra five signals are
available in addition to the digits ‘1’ to ‘0’.
• Since, inter register signaling precedes a conversation, signal imitation cannot occur.
• Thus, the VF receivers do not need much speech immunity and this enables short signal pulses to
be used.
• The Bell R1 system which corresponds to CCITT Regional Signaling System 1 uses six signal
frequencies spaced at 200Hz between 700Hz and 1700Hz.
• Its signals are unacknowledged, so no frequencies are provided for backward signaling. The
system transmits 12 forward signals as follows:
• KP (start of pulsing)
• Digits 1 to 0
• ST (end of pulsing)
 Common Channel Signaling Principles

• General:
•