•2.1 - Number Systems: Decimal, Binary, Octal & Hexadecimal •2.2 - Numbering Conversions •2.3 - Binary Arithmetic •2.4 - Code Numbers: BCD Code, ASCII Code, Gray Code •2.5 - Representing Number Systems: Sign & Magnitude, 1’s & 2’s Complement BEKU 1413 (DIGITAL ELECTRONICS & 1 SYSTEMS): CHAPTER 2 Introduction Number systems and digital codes are fundamental to computers and digital electronics.
In this chapter, we will see the relationships
between binary number system with other number systems such as decimal, hexadecimal, and octal.
Arithmetic operations with binary numbers are
covered to provide a basis for understanding how computers and many other types of digital system work.
Digital codes such as binary coded decimal (BCD),
the GRAY code, and the ASCII are covered. BEKU 1413 (DIGITAL ELECTRONICS & 2 SYSTEMS): CHAPTER 2 2.1 - Number Systems: Decimal, Binary, Octal & Hexadecimal Decimal Numbers Is the most familiar number system that people use in every day life. It uses 10 different symbols to express any number. Those are: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and called as digits of a number. It is also referred as Base 10 number system or Radix of 10 number system. Each digit will give different value. If to present a value more than 9 then you should have more than one digit. BEKU 1413 (DIGITAL ELECTRONICS & 3 SYSTEMS): CHAPTER 2 BEKU 1413 (DIGITAL ELECTRONICS & 4 SYSTEMS): CHAPTER 2 Binary Numbers Useful in electronics because it uses only two digits, 1 and 0. Each place in binary number is called a bit. Eg: 10110 is a 5-bit binary number. The first place on the right is called the least significant bit (LSB) and the left-most place is called the most-significant bit (MSB).
BEKU 1413 (DIGITAL ELECTRONICS & 5
SYSTEMS): CHAPTER 2 The weights for the binary system are found by – raising the base value, 2, by a power equal to the value of the position of a digit in a binary number. Those weights, starting with the LSB, are
BEKU 1413 (DIGITAL ELECTRONICS & 6
SYSTEMS): CHAPTER 2 For N bits, we can count 2N different decimal numbers ranging from 0 to 2N-1. In general, with N bits we can count up 2N-1 for a total of 2N.
BEKU 1413 (DIGITAL ELECTRONICS & 7
SYSTEMS): CHAPTER 2 BEKU 1413 (DIGITAL ELECTRONICS & 8 SYSTEMS): CHAPTER 2 Octal Numbers There are eight different digits to work with, zero through seven (0 – 7) Often used in digital computer work. Base of 8. The digit positions in an octal number have weights as follows:
BEKU 1413 (DIGITAL ELECTRONICS & 9
SYSTEMS): CHAPTER 2 BEKU 1413 (DIGITAL ELECTRONICS & 10 SYSTEMS): CHAPTER 2 Hexadecimal Number System (base-16) Uses group of 4 bits. 16 possible symbols: 0 – 9 and A – F. Allows for convenient handling of long binary strings.
BEKU 1413 (DIGITAL ELECTRONICS & 11
SYSTEMS): CHAPTER 2 2.2 - Numbering Conversions Binary to Decimal Conversion Convert binary to decimal by summing together the weights of the various positions in the binary number that contain a 1. For the fractional Binary Numbers, weights for binary number decimal numbers are derived by raising the base 2 by negative components.
BEKU 1413 (DIGITAL ELECTRONICS & 12
SYSTEMS): CHAPTER 2 BEKU 1413 (DIGITAL ELECTRONICS & 13 SYSTEMS): CHAPTER 2 Decimal to Binary Conversion Two methods to convert Decimal to Binary: Reverse process described at (Binary to Decimal Conversion). Use repeated division. Repeated Division: Divide the decimal number by 2. Write the remainder after each division until a quotient of zero is obtained. The first remainder is LSB and the last is MSB.
BEKU 1413 (DIGITAL ELECTRONICS & 14
SYSTEMS): CHAPTER 2 Example 2-4: 1. Convert 29110 to a binary number.
SYSTEMS): CHAPTER 2 Octal to Decimal Conversion An octal number can be converted to its decimal equivalent by multiplying each octal digit by its positional weight.
BEKU 1413 (DIGITAL ELECTRONICS & 20
SYSTEMS): CHAPTER 2 Decimal to Octal Conversion A decimal integer can be converted to octal by using the same repeated-division method that used in the decimal to binary conversion. But with a division factor of 8 instead of 2.
BEKU 1413 (DIGITAL ELECTRONICS & 21
SYSTEMS): CHAPTER 2 Octal to Binary Conversion To convert an octal to binary number, simply replace each octal digit with the appropriate three bits.
BEKU 1413 (DIGITAL ELECTRONICS & 22
SYSTEMS): CHAPTER 2 Binary to Octal Conversion Conversion of a binary number to an octal number is the reverse of the octal-to-binary conversion.
BEKU 1413 (DIGITAL ELECTRONICS & 23
SYSTEMS): CHAPTER 2 Hexadecimal to Decimal Conversion Each hexadecimal digit position has a weight that is a power of 16. The LSD has a weight of 160=1
BEKU 1413 (DIGITAL ELECTRONICS & 24
SYSTEMS): CHAPTER 2 Decimal to Hexadecimal Conversion
BEKU 1413 (DIGITAL ELECTRONICS & 25
SYSTEMS): CHAPTER 2 2.3 - Binary Arithmetic Binary Addition The rules for binary numbers are given in table below.
SYSTEMS): CHAPTER 2 2.4 - Code Numbers: BCD Code, ASCII Code, Gray Code BCD Code Binary Coded Decimal (BCD) is another way to present decimal numbers in binary form. BCD is widely used and combines features of both decimal and binary systems. Each digit is converted to a binary equivalent. Look at the below example:
BEKU 1413 (DIGITAL ELECTRONICS & 30
SYSTEMS): CHAPTER 2 Each digit always uses four bits and not a number system. The BCD value can never be greater than 9 (its called 8421 code too 23, 22, 21, 20 ) BCD is decimal number with each digit encoded to its binary equivalent. A BCD number is not the same as a straight binary number. The primary advantage of BCD is the relative ease of converting to and from decimal.
BEKU 1413 (DIGITAL ELECTRONICS & 31
SYSTEMS): CHAPTER 2 BEKU 1413 (DIGITAL ELECTRONICS & 32 SYSTEMS): CHAPTER 2 BCD Addition: Here are the steps to add BCD numbers: Step 1: Add the two BCD numbers. (Using the rules for binary arithmetic) Step 2: If a 4-bit sum equal to / less than 9, it is a valid BCD number. Step 3: If a 4-bit sum is greater than 9 / if a carry out of the 4-bit group is generated, it is invalid result.
Valid result
BEKU 1413 (DIGITAL ELECTRONICS & 33
SYSTEMS): CHAPTER 2 Alphanumeric Codes Represents characters and functions found on a computer keyboard. ASCII – American Standard Code for information Interchange. Seven bit code, 27 or 128 possible code groups Table 2-1 lists some of the ASCII code Examples of use are: to transfer information between computers, between computers and printers, and for internal storage.
BEKU 1413 (DIGITAL ELECTRONICS & 34
SYSTEMS): CHAPTER 2 BEKU 1413 (DIGITAL ELECTRONICS & 35 SYSTEMS): CHAPTER 2 BEKU 1413 (DIGITAL ELECTRONICS & 36 SYSTEMS): CHAPTER 2 The Gray Code Unweighted and is not an arithmetic code. No specific weights assigned to the bit positions. It exhibits only a single bit change from one code word to the next in sequence. The Gray code can have any number of bits.
BEKU 1413 (DIGITAL ELECTRONICS & 37
SYSTEMS): CHAPTER 2 Binary to GRAY code conversion MSB in the Gray Code is the same as in the binary Going from left to right, add each adjacent pair of binary code bits to get the next Gray code bit. Discard carries.
BEKU 1413 (DIGITAL ELECTRONICS & 38
SYSTEMS): CHAPTER 2 GRAY code to Binary conversion MSB in the Gray Code is the same as in the binary Going from left to right, add each binary code bit generated to the Gray code bit in the next adjacent position. Discard carries.
BEKU 1413 (DIGITAL ELECTRONICS & 39
SYSTEMS): CHAPTER 2 2.5 - Representing Number Systems: Sign & Magnitude, 1’s & 2’s Complement Signed Number A signed number consists of both sign and magnitude information. The sign indicates the number is positive / negative. The magnitude is the value of the number. The magnitude bits are the true binary equivalent of the decimal value being represented. The most commonly used system for representing signed binary number is the 2’s complement system. BEKU 1413 (DIGITAL ELECTRONICS & 40 SYSTEMS): CHAPTER 2 The Sign Bit The left most bit in a signed binary number is the sign bit, which will indicate the number is positive / negative. The remaining bits are the magnitude bits.
BEKU 1413 (DIGITAL ELECTRONICS & 41
SYSTEMS): CHAPTER 2 1’s Complement Form The 1’s complement of a binary number is obtained by changing each 0 to a 1 and each 1 to a 0. The process is shown below:
BEKU 1413 (DIGITAL ELECTRONICS & 42
SYSTEMS): CHAPTER 2 2’s Complement Form The 2’s complement of binary number is formed by taking the 1’s complement of the number and adding 1 to the LSB position.
BEKU 1413 (DIGITAL ELECTRONICS & 43
SYSTEMS): CHAPTER 2 Alternative method Change all bits to the left of the least significant 1 to get 2’s complement.
BEKU 1413 (DIGITAL ELECTRONICS & 44
SYSTEMS): CHAPTER 2 Representing Signed Numbers Using 2’s complement
If the number is positive, the magnitude is
represented in its true binary form, and a sign bit of 0 is placed in front of the MSB.
BEKU 1413 (DIGITAL ELECTRONICS & 45
SYSTEMS): CHAPTER 2 If the number is negative, the magnitude is represented in its 2’s complement form, and a sign bit of 1 is placed in front of the MSB.
BEKU 1413 (DIGITAL ELECTRONICS & 46
SYSTEMS): CHAPTER 2 2’s complement allows us to perform the operation of subtraction by actually performing addition.
BEKU 1413 (DIGITAL ELECTRONICS & 47
SYSTEMS): CHAPTER 2 Negation Is the operation of converting a positive number to its negative equivalent / a negative number to its equivalent.
BEKU 1413 (DIGITAL ELECTRONICS & 48
SYSTEMS): CHAPTER 2 Special Case in 2’s Complement representation
BEKU 1413 (DIGITAL ELECTRONICS & 49
SYSTEMS): CHAPTER 2 Addition In the 2’s complement System Case 1: Two Positive Numbers The addition of two positive numbers is straight forward.
BEKU 1413 (DIGITAL ELECTRONICS & 50
SYSTEMS): CHAPTER 2 Case 2: Positive Number and Smaller Negative Number
BEKU 1413 (DIGITAL ELECTRONICS & 51
SYSTEMS): CHAPTER 2 Case 3: Positive Number and Larger Negative Number
BEKU 1413 (DIGITAL ELECTRONICS & 52
SYSTEMS): CHAPTER 2 Case 4: Negative Numbers Two
