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Lecture 2

 expansion of industry
 demographic explosion
 cheap labor
 upbeat trade
 increased mobility
 artisan fully in charge of production
 manufacturing and the division of labor
 factory and the mechanization and
centralization of labor
 conservatism (self-preservation of the nobility;
advocates of the Christian state, ancien regime)
 political Catholicism (liberalism; separation of
Church and State; more secular power for the
Church)
 liberalism (bourgeoisie-led; the individual and
the state)
 radicalism (Young Hegelians, popular
sovereignty, universal suffrage, republicanism)
 nascent socialism (social upheaval)
 Voltaire, Diderot, Rousseau (rationalists)
 idealism (immanence; rejection of
transcendence; contradiction and opposition)
 Hegel (Spirit)
 David Strauss
 Bruno Bauer

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