Jurnal Thevenin Northon Ardi

ELECTROMAGNETIC
UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PERLIS
THEORY
CHAPTER 1 – VECTOR ANALYSIS

Chapter Outline
• Basic Laws of Vector Algebra
• Dot Product and Cross Product

• Orthogonal Coordinate Systems: Cartesian,
Cylindrical and Spherical Coordinate Systems
• Transformations between Coordinate Systems
• Gradient of a Scalar Field
• Divergence of a Vector Field
• Divergence Theorem
• Curl of a Vector Field
• Stokes’s Theorem
• Laplacian Operator 2
Scalar
 A scalar is a quantity that has only

magnitude
 E.g. of Scalars:
 Time, mass, distance, temperature,
electrical potential etc
3
Vector
A vector is a quantity that has both

magnitude and direction.
E.g. of Vectors:
Velocity, force, displacement, electric
field intensity etc.
4
Basic Laws of Vector Algebra
• Cartesian coordinate systems
5
Vector in Cartesian Coordinates

• A vector A in Cartesian Coordinates

maybe represented as
A  Ax , Ay , Az 

• OR
A  xÂx  yÂy  zÂz
6
Vector in Cartesian Coordinates
• Vector A has
magnitude A = |A| to
the direction of
propagation.
• Vector A shown may

be represented as
A  xÂx  yÂy  zÂz
7
Component Vectors
• The vector A has

three component
vectors, which are
Ax, Ay and Az.
8
Unit Vectors
• A unit vector along vector A is;

• A vector with magnitude = 1 (unity)
• Directed along the coordinate axes in the
direction of increasing coordinate values
9
Unit Vectors
• Vector A can be represented as
A  xÂx  yˆ Ay  zÂz
• The magnitude of A is written as |A| and is

calculated by
A  Ax  Ay  Az
2 2 2
10
Unit Vectors
• Unit vector in the direction of vector A is
 
A A
aA  
Ax  Ay  Az
2 2 2 A
11
Example 1: Unit Vector
• Specify the unit vector extending from the

origin towards the point
G2,2,1
12
Solution to Example 1
Construct the vector extending from origin

to point G
G  2 xˆ  2 yˆ  zˆ

Find the magnitude of G
G 22
  2   1  3
2 2
13
• So, unit vector is

G 2 2 1
aG   xˆ  yˆ  zˆ
G 3 3 3
 0.667 xˆ  0.667 yˆ  0.333zˆ
14
Equality of vectors
• A and B are equal when they have equal

magnitudes and identical unit vectors.
15
Vector Algebra
• For addition and subtraction of A and B,

 
C  A  B  xˆ  Ax  Bx   yˆ Ay  B y  zˆ Az  Bz 
D  A  B  xˆ  A  B   yˆ A
x x y  By   zˆ A
z  Bz 
16
Example 2: Vector Algebra

If A  10x̂  4 ŷ  6ẑ

B  2 xˆ  ŷ
Find:

(a) The component of A along ŷ
 
(b) The magnitude of 3 A B
  
(c) A unit vector C along A  2 B
17

(a) The component of A along ŷ is
Ay  4
 
(b) 3 A  B  310,4,6  2,1,0
 30,12,18  2,1,0
 28,13,18
 28x̂  13ŷ  18ẑ
18
 
Hence, the magnitude of 3 A B is:
3A  B  28 2
  13  18  35.74
2 2
  
(c) Let C  A 2 B
 10,4,6  4,2,0
 14,2,6
 14x̂  2 ŷ  6ẑ
19

So, the unit vector along Cis:

cˆ 
C

14,2,6
C 14   2  6
2 2 2
14 2 6
 xˆ  yˆ  zˆ
15.36 15.36 15.36
 0.911xˆ  0.130 yˆ  0.391zˆ
20
Position and Distance Vectors
• A point P in Cartesian coordinate

maybe represented as P  x, y , z 

• The position vector rP of point P is
the vector from origin O to point P

rP  OP  xa x  ya y  za z
21

rP  3a x  4a y  5a z
22
• If we have two

position vectors, rP

and rQ , the third
vector or distance
vector can be defined

as rPQ :-   
rPQ  rQ  rP
23
Example 3: Position Vectors
Point P and Q are located at 0,2,4

and  3,1,5 . Calculate:
(a) The position vector P
(b) The distance vector from P to Q
(c) The distance between P and Q

(d) A vector parallel to PQ with magnitude of 10
24

(a) rP  0a x  2a y  4a z  2a y  4a z
  
(b) rPQ  rQ  rP
  3,1,5  0,2,4
 3a x  a y  a z

(c) Since rPQ is a distance vector, the distance
between P and Q is the magnitude of this
distance vector.
25
Distance, d
d  rPQ   32
  1  1  3.317
2 2

(d) Let the required vector be A then

A  Aa A

Where A  10 is the magnitude of A
26


Since A is parallel to PQ , it must have
 
the same unit vector as rPQ or rQP

 rPQ   3,1,1
 aA  
rPQ 3.317

So, A  10
  3, 1,1
3.317
27
Multiplication of Vectors
 
• When two vectors A and B are multiplied,
the result is either a scalar or vector,
depending on how they are multiplied.
• Two types of multiplication:

 
 Scalar (or dot) product A  B
 
 Vector (or cross) product A  B
28
Scalar or Dot Product
 
•The dot product of two vectors, A and B is

defined as the product of the magnitude of A ,

the magnitude of B and the cosine of the
smaller angle between them.
 
A  B  A B cos AB
29
Dot Product in Cartesian
• The dot product of two vectors of Cartesian

coordinate below yields the sum of nine
scalar terms, each involving the dot product
of two unit vectors.

A  Axa x  Aya y  Az a z

B  Bxa x  Bya y  Bza z
30
• Since the angle between two unit vectors of

the Cartesian coordinate system is 90 0 , we
then have:
ax  a y  a y  ax  ax  az  az  ax  a y  az  az  a y  0
• And thus, only three terms remain, giving
finally:
 
A B  Ax Bx  Ay B y  Az Bz
31
 
• The two vectors, A and B are said to be

perpendicular or orthogonal (90°) with
each other if;
 
AB 0
32
Laws of Dot Product
• Dot product obeys the following:

   
– Commutative Law AB BA
 
– Distributive Law 2
A A  A  A
2
       
A   B  C   A  B  A  C
 
33
Properties of dot product
 Properties of dot product of unit vectors:
ax  ax  a y  a y  az  az  1
ax  a y  a y  az  az  ax  0
34
Vector or Cross Product
 
• The cross product of two vectors, A and B is a
vector, which is

equalto the product of the
magnitudes of A and B and the sine of smaller
angle between them
 
A  B  nˆ A B sin  AB
35
 
A  B  nˆ A B sin  AB
Direction of n̂ is
normal (90°) to the
plane containing A
and B
36
 It is also along one

of the two possible
perpendiculars
which is in direction
of advance of right
hand screw.
37
Cross product in Cartesian
• The cross product of two vectors of Cartesian

coordinate:

A  Axa x  Aya y  Aza z

B  Bxa x  Bya y  Bza z
yields the sum of nine simpler cross products,
each involving two unit vectors.
38
Cross product in Cartesian
• By using the properties of cross product, it gives

 
   
A B  Ay Bz  Az By a x   Az Bx  Ax Bz a y  Ax By  Ay Bx a z
and be written in more easily remembered

form:
ax ay az
 
A B  Ax Ay Az
Bx By Bz
39
Laws of Vector Product
• Cross product obeys the following:

   
 It is not commutative AB  BA
       
 It is not associative A  B C    A B   C
   
 It is distributive        
A  B  C   A B  A C
 
40
Properties of Vector Product
 Properties of cross product of unit vectors:
ax  a y  az , a y  az  ax , az  ax  a y
Or by using cyclic permutation:
41
Example 4:Dot & Cross Product
Determine the dot product and cross

product of the following vectors:

A  2a x  3a y  4a z

B  a x  5a y  6a z
42
The dot product is:
 
A B  Ax Bx  Ay B y  Az Bz
 (2)( 1)   (3)( 5)   (4)(6) 
 41
43
The cross product is:

ax ay az ax a y az
 
A B  Ax Ay Az  2 3 4
Bx By Bz  1  5 6
 (3)(6)  (4)( 5)a x
 (2)(6)  (4)( 1)a y
 (2)( 5)  (3)( 1)a z
 2a x  8a y  7a z
44
Scalar & Vector Triple Product
• A scalar triple product is

A  B  C  B  C  A  C  A  B
• A vector triple product is
A  B  C  BA  C  CA  B
known as the “bac-cab” rule.
45
Example 5
Given A  xˆ  yˆ  zˆ 2 , B  yˆ  zˆ and C  xˆ 2  zˆ 3.
Find (A×B)×C and compare it with A×(B×C).
46
xˆ yˆ zˆ
A  B  1  1 2  xˆ 3  yˆ  zˆ
0 1 1
xˆ yˆ zˆ
A  B  C   3  1 1  xˆ 3  yˆ 7  zˆ 2
2 0 3
A similar procedure gives

A  B  C  xˆ 2  yˆ 4  zˆ 47
Coordinate Systems
• Cartesian coordinates ( x, y, z )
• Circular Cylindrical coordinates (  ,  , z )
• Spherical coordinates (r ,  ,  )
48
Cartesian coordinates
• Consists of three mutually orthogonal axes

( x, y, z ) and a point in space is denoted
as P( x, y, z )
49
Cartesian Coordinates
• Unit vector of a x , a y , a z in the direction of

increasing coordinate value.
50
• Differential in
Length
dL  dxa x  dya y  dza z
51
• Differential Surface
52
dS x  dydza x
dS y  dxdza y
dS z  dxdya z
53
• Differential Volume
dV  dxdydz z
x
54
Circular Cylindrical Coordinates
x 55
• Form by three surfaces or planes:

– Plane of z (constant value of z)
– Cylinder centered on the z axis with a radius
of  . Some books use the notation r .
– Plane perpendicular to x-y plane and rotate
about the z axis by angle of 
• Unit vector of a  , a , a z in the direction of
56
• Differential in Length dL  da   da  dza z
57
• Increment in
length for 
direction is:
d 
• d is not
increment in
length!
58
dS   ddza 
dS   ddza 
dS z  dda z
59
• Differential volume dV  dddz
60
Example 6
A cylinder with radius of  and length of L

Determine:
(i) The volume enclosed.
(ii) The surface area of that volume.
61
• (i) For volume enclosed, we integrate;

V   dV
v
   2 z  L


 

0
 dddz
0 z 0

2 
  
2
0   z  L0 z 
0
2 
 2 
  2 L 
 2 
  2 L 62
• (ii) For surface area, we add the area of

each surfaces;
2 L 2  2 
S   ddz    dd    dd
0 z 0 0 0 0 0
     
sides bottom top
 
  2
  2

       z 0 z     0      
2 zL 2 2
 0
0
2  0
2 
 2L   2   2
 2L  2 2 63
Example 7
The surfaces   3,   5,   100 0

,   130 0
, z  3, z  4.5
define a closed surface. Find:
(a) The enclosed volume.

(b) The total area of the enclosing surface.
64
(a) The enclosed volume;
5 2.269 4.5
V 


3

 1.745
 dddz
z 3
5
  2  2.269
   1.745   3 z 
4.5
3
2 
 (8)(0.524) (1.5)
Must convert 
into radians
 6.288
65
(b) The total area of the enclosed surface:
2.269 5 4.5 2.269

Area  2 
 1.745
 dd  
3 z 3
 3ddz
 1.745
4.5 2.269 4.5 5
 
z 3
 5ddz  2   ddz
 1.745 z 3 3
 20.7
66
67
Spherical Coordinates
• Point P in spherical coordinate, P(r ,  ,  )
• r distance from origin. Some books use the

notation R
•   angle between the z axis and the line from

origin to point P
•   angle between x axis and projection in z=0

plane
68
• Unit vector of ar , a , a in the direction of

69
• Differential in length dL  dra r  rda  r sin da
70
71
dS r  r sin dda r
2
dS  r sin drda

dS  rdrda
72
• Differential Volume dV  r 2 sin drdd
73
• However, the increment of length is

different from the differential increment
previously, where:
– dr  distance between two radius

– rd  distance between two angles 
– r sin d  distance between two radial
planes at angles 
74
Example 8a
A sphere of radius 2 cm contains a volume charge

density ρv given by;
 v  4 C/m 3
Find the total charge Q contained in the sphere.
75
Solution: Example 8a
Q    v dv
v
 2 2102
    sin dRd d
2
4R
 
0 0 R 0
2102  2
4  dR  sin d  d
2
R
R 0  0  0
210-2
 R3 
4    cos   0  20
 3 0
 ?? C  76
Example 8b
• The spherical strip is a section of a sphere

of radius 3 cm. Find the area of the strip.
77
Solution : Example 8b
• Use the elemental area with constant R,

that is dS R  Rˆ R 2 sin dd . Solution:
60 2
SR     
2
sin d d
 30  0
 9( cos  )  
60 2
30 0
 18 (cos 30  cos 60)

 20.7 cm 2
78
79
Summary
Cartesian to Cylindrical
Transformations
• Relationships between (x, y, z) and (r, φ, z) are

shown.
rˆ  xˆ cos   yˆ sin 
φˆ  xˆ sin   yˆ cos 

xˆ  rˆ cos   φˆ sin  ,
yˆ  rˆ sin   φˆ cos 
80
Cartesian to Spherical
Transformations
• Relationships
between (x, y, z)
and (r, θ, Φ) are
shown in the
diagram.
81
Cartesian to Spherical
Transformations
• Relationships between (x, y, z) and (r, θ, Φ) are

shown.
ˆ  xˆ sin  cos   yˆ sin  sin   zˆ cos 
R
θˆ  xˆ cos  cos   yˆ cos  sin   zˆ sin 

ˆ  xˆ sin   yˆ cos
φ
ˆ sin  cos   θˆ cos  cos   φˆ sin  ,
xˆ  R
ˆ sin  sin   θˆ cos  sin   φˆ cos  ,
yˆ  R
ˆ cos   θˆ sin 
zˆ  R 82
Coordinate transformations
83
Example 9
Express vector A  xˆ x  y   yˆ  y  x  zˆ z in
spherical coordinates.
Solution
Using the transformation relation,
AR  Ax sin  cos   Ay sin  sin   Az cos 
 x  y sin  cos    y  x sin  sin   z cos 
Using the expressions for x, y, and z,

 
AR  R sin 2  cos 2   sin 2   R cos 2 
 R sin 2   R cos 2   R 84
Example 9: contd
Similarly, substituting the expression for x, y, z for;
A  x  y  cos  cos    y  x  cos  sin   z sin 

A  x  y sin    y  x  cos 
we get:
A  0
A   R sin 
Hence,
A  R̂AR  θ̂A  φ̂A  R̂R  φ̂R sin 
85
Transformations
• Distance d between two points is


d  R12  x2  x1    y2  y1   z2  z1 
2 2 2

1
2
• Converting to cylindrical equivalents


d  r2 cos 2  r1 cos 1   r2 sin 2  r1 sin 1   z2  z1 
2 2 2

1
2
 r  r  2r1r2 2  1   z2  z1   1

2 2 2 2
2 1
• Converting to spherical equivalents


d  R  R  2R1R2 cos 2 cos1  sin 1 sin  2 cos2  1  
1
2 2 2
2 1
86
Gradient of a scalar field
Suppose T1 x, y, z  is the temperature at P1x, y, z  ,

and T2 x  dx, y  dy , z  dz  is the temperature at P2
as shown.
87
The differential distances dx, dy, dz are the

components of the differential distance vector dL :
dL  dxa x  dya y  dza z

However, from differential calculus, the
differential temperature:
T T T
dT  T2  T1  dx  dy  dz
x y z
88
dx  dL  a x
But,
dy  dL  a y
dz  dL  a z
So, previous equation can be rewritten as:
T T T
dT  a x  dL  a y  dL  a z  dL
x y z
 T T T 
  a x  ay  a z   dL
 x y z  89
The vector inside square brackets defines the

change of temperature dT corresponding to a
vector change in position dL .
This vector is called Gradient of Scalar T.
For Cartesian coordinate, grad T:
dT T T T
T   ax  ay  az
dL x y z
The symbol  is called the del or gradient
operator. 90
Gradient operator in cylindrical
and spherical coordinates
• Gradient operator in cylindrical coordinates:
 1  
  rˆ  φˆ  zˆ (cylindric al)
r r  z
• Gradient operator in spherical coordinates:
ˆ  ˆ1  1 
  R θ  φˆ (spherical )
R R  R sin  
91
Example 10
• Find the gradient of these scalars:
z
(a) V  e sin 2 x cosh y
(b) U  r z cos 2
2
(c) W  10R sin  cos

2
92
(a) Use gradient for Cartesian coordinate:
V V V
V  ax  ay  az
x y z
z z
 2e cos 2 x cosh ya x  e sin 2 x sinh ya y
z
 e sin 2 x cosh ya z
93
(b) Use gradient for cylindrical coordinate:
U 1 U U
U  ar  a  az
r r  z
 2rz cos 2a r  2rz sin 2a 
 r cos 2a z
2
94
(c) Use gradient for Spherical coordinate:
W 1 W 1 W
W  aR  a  a
R R  R sin  
 10 sin  cos a R  10 sin 2 cos a 
2
 10 sin  sin a 
95
Directional derivative
• Gradient operator del,  has no physical

meaning by itself.
• Gradient operator needs dL  a ˆ L dL to be scalar
quantity.
• Directional derivative of T is given by,
dT
 T  â L
dl
96
Example 11
Find the directional derivative of T  x  y z

2 2
along the direction xˆ 2  yˆ 3  zˆ 2 and evaluate it

at (1,−1, 2).
97
    2
 
GradT :T   ˆ
x
 x  ˆ
y  ˆ
z 
 x  y 2
z  ˆ
x 2 x  ˆ
y 2 yz  ˆ
z y 2
 y z 
We denote L as the given direction,
Unit vector is L  xˆ 2  yˆ 3  zˆ 2
and L xˆ 2  yˆ 3  zˆ 2 xˆ 2  yˆ 3  zˆ 2
aˆ L   
L 22  32  22 17
dT 4 x  6 yz  2 y 2  10
 T  aˆ L  
dL 1, 1, 2  17 1, 1, 2  17 98
Divergence of a vector field
 Illustration of the divergence of a vector

field at point P:
Positive Negative Zero

Divergence Divergence Divergence
99
 The divergence of A at a given point P is

the net outward flux per unit volume:
 A  dS
div A    A  lim s
v 0 v
100
What is  A  dS ?? Total flux of vector

field A at closed
s
surface S
101
Where,
 
       A  dS
 A  dS 
       
s  front back left right top bottom
And, v is volume enclosed by surface S
102
For Cartesian coordinate:
Ax A y Az
A   
x y z
For Circular cylindrical coordinate:
1  1 A Az
A  rAr   
r r r  z
103
For Spherical coordinate:
1  A sin  
A  2
1

R AR 
2

R sin  

1 A
R sin  
R R
104
• Example: A point
charge q
• Total flux of the
electric field E
due to q is
Total Flux   E  ds
S
105
• Net outward flux

per unit volume i.e
the div of E is
E x E y E z
  E  div E   
x y z
106
Example 12
Find divergence of these vectors:
(a) P  x yza x  xza z

2
(b) Q  r sin a r  r za  z cos a z

2
1
(c) W  2 cos a R  R sin  cos a  cos a 
R
107
(a) Use divergence for Cartesian coordinate:
Px Py Pz

P   
x y z

 2
x
   
x yz  0   xz 
y z
 2 xyz  x
108
(b) Use divergence for cylindrical coordinate:
1  1 Q Q z
Q  rQr   
r r r  z

1  2
r r
 
r sin  
1  2
r 
  
r z  z cos  
z
 2 sin   cos 
109
(c) Use divergence for Spherical coordinate:
 W sin  
W  2
1 

R WR 
2
 1
R sin  

1 W
R sin  
R R
 2
1 
cos    1 
R sin  
 
R sin 2  cos 
R R


1
cos  
R sin  
 2 cos  cos 
110
Divergence Theorem
 It states that the total outward flux of a vector

field E at the closed surface S is the same as
volume integral of divergence of E.

S
E  ds    
v
Edv (divergenc e theorem)
  E stands for the divergence of vector E
111
Example 13

A vector field D  r 3
a r exists in the region
between two concentric cylindrical surfaces
defined by r = 1 and r = 2, with both cylinders
extending between z = 0 and z = 5. Verify the
divergence theorem by evaluating:
(a)  D  ds
S
(b)    DdV
V
112
(a) For two concentric cylinder, the left side:
 D  dS  Dinner  Douter  Dbottom  Dtop

S
Where,
2 5
Dinner   
0 z 0
r 3 a r  rddz(a r )
r 1
2 5
  
0 z 0
 r 4 a r  ddz(a r )
r 1
 10
113
2 5
Douter   
0 z 0
r 3 a r  rddz(a r )
r 2
2 5
  
0 z 0
r 4 a r  ddz(a r )
r 2
 160 
2 2
Dbottom   
r 1  0
r 3 a r  rddr (a z )
z 0
0
2 2
Dtop   
r 1  0
r 3 a r  rddr (a z )
z 5
0
114
• Therefore:
 D  dS  10  160  0  0
S
 150
115
(b) For the right side of Divergence Theorem,

evaluate divergence of D
 D 
1 
r r
 
rr 3  4r 2
5 2 2
• So,
   DdV    
z  0  0 r 1
4r 2 rdrddz
 2 
5 
 4 2 
 
  r    150 
   r 1  
 0  
 z 0  116
Curl of a vector field
 The curl of vector A is an axial (rotational)

vector whose magnitude is the maximum
circulation of A per unit area
 Curl direction is the normal direction of

the area when the area is oriented so as to
make the circulation maximum.
117
The circulation of B around closed

contour C:
 
 B  dl     
    B  dl
 
C  ab bc cd da 
118
• Curl of a vector field B is defined as:

 1  
  B  curl B  lim  n̂  B  dl
s 0 s
 C  max
119
• Curl is used to measure the uniformity of a field
• Uniform field, circulation is zero
• Non-uniform field, e.g azimuthal field, circulation
is not zero
120
• Uniform field, circulation is zero
121
• Non-uniform field, e.g azimuthal field,

circulation is not zero
122
Vector identities involving curl
• For any two vectors A and B:
(1)    A  B     A    B
(2)   (  A)  0 for any vector A
(3)   (V )  0 for any scalar function V
123
Curl in Cartesian coordinates
• For Cartesian coordinates:

ax ay az
  
 A 
x y z
Ax Ay Az
 Az A y   Az Ax   A y Ax 

 A    a x     ay    a z
 y z   x z   x y 
124
Curl in cylindrical coordinates
• For cylindrical coordinates:

ar ra  az
1   
 A 
r r  z
Ar rA Az
 1 Az A   Az Ar 

 A    a r     a
 r  z   r z 
 
1   rA Ar 
   a z
r  r   125
Curl in spherical coordinates
• For spherical coordinates:

aR Ra  Rsin a 
1   
A  2
R sin  R  
AR RA R sin  A
1

 
  sin A A  
1  1 AR  RA 
a R  
a
 A      sin    
R sin      R  R 
1  ( RA )  AR  
   a
R  R   126
Example 14
Find curl of these vectors:
(a) P  x yza x  xza z

2
(b) Q  r sin a  r 2 za  z cos a

r  z
(c) W  1 cos a R  R sin  cos a  cosa

2
R
127
(a) Use curl for Cartesian coordinate:
 Pz Py   Pz Px   Py Px 

 P    a x     ay   a z
 y z   x z   x y 
   
 0  0a x  x 2 y  z a y  0  x 2 z a z
 
 x y  z a y  x za z
2 2
128
(b) Use curl for cylindrical coordinate
 1 Q z Q   Q r Q z   
1   rQ Q r 
Q     r 
a   
  r  x
a  a z
 r  z   z r   y 
z 
 sin   r 2 a r  0  0 a 
 r 
1

 3r 2 z  r cos  a z
r

 
  z sin   r 3 a r  3rz  cos  a z
1
r
129
(c) Use curl for Spherical coordinate:

1   sin W  W 
W    a R
R sin     
1  1 W R  RW  
   a θ
R  sin   R 
1   ( RW )  W R  
   a φ
R  R  
continue... 130
continued ...
1   cos  sin    R sin  cos   
W    a R
R sin     

1 1
 
cos  2
R
 

 R cos   
aθ
R  sin   R 

 
 

1   ( R sin  cos  )
2

cos  2 
R
 
aφ
R R  

 
131
• (c) continued…

1
cos 2  R sin  sin  a R  0  cos  a
1
R sin  R
1 sin  
  2 R sin  cos   2 a 
R R 
 cos 2  cos 
  sin  a R  a
 R sin   R
 1 
  2 cos   3  sin a 
 R 
132
Stokes’s Theorem
• Converts surface integral of the curl of a

vector over an open surface S into a line
integral of the vector along the contour C
bounding the surface S
   B ds   B  dl
S
C
(Stoke' s theorem)
133
Example 15
 A vector field is given by B  zˆ cos  / r . Verify
Stokes’s theorem for a segment of a cylindrical
surface defined by r = 2, π/3 ≤ φ ≤ π/2, 0 ≤ z ≤ 3
as shown in the diagram on the next slide.
134
135
Example 15
• Stokes’s theorem states that:
   B ds   B  dl
S
C
• Left-hand side:
First, use curl in cylindrical coordinates
 1 Bz B   Br Bz  1  Br 
  B  rˆ    φ̂    ẑ  rB   
 r  z   z r  r  z  
sin  cos
 rˆ 2  φ̂ 2
r r 136
The integral of   B over the specified

surface S with r = 2 is:
 2
 sin  cos 
3
S   B ds  z0   3   r̂ r 2  φ̂ r 2   r̂rddz

3 2
sin  3 3
   ddz    
0 3
r 2r 4
137
• Right-hand side:
Definition of field B on segments ab, bc,
cd, and da is
b c d a
 B  dl   B
C
a
ab  dl   Bbc  dl   Bcd  dl   Bda  dl
b c d
138
• At different segments,
B ab  Bcd  zˆ cos   / 2  0 where dl  φˆ rd
Bbc  zˆ cos  2 / 2  0 where    2

B da  zˆ cos  / 3 / 2  zˆ 4 where dl  zˆ dz
0
 1  z
a 0
1 3
CB  dl  d  ẑ 4   ẑdz  3 4 dz   4  3   4
• Thus,
• which is the same as the left hand side (proved!)

139
Laplacian of a Scalar
• Laplacian of a scalar V is denoted by  2V .

 2 V    V
     V V V 
  ax  ay  az   ax  ay  az 
 x y z   x y z 
 2V  2V  2V
  
x 2
y 2
z 2
• The result is a scalar.
140
Laplacian of a Scalar
• Laplacian for cylindrical coordinates:
1  V 1  2
V  2
V
V
2
(r ) 2  2
r r r r  2
z
• Laplacian for spherical coordinates:

1  V 1   V  1  2
V
V 2 ) 2  sin   2
2 2
(R
R R R R sin      R sin 2   2
141
Example 16
Find the Laplacian of these scalars:

z
(a) V  e sin 2 x cosh y
(b) U   z cos2
2
(c) W  10r sin  cos

2
142
z
• (a)  V  2e sin 2 x cosh y
2
• (b)  U 0
2
10 cos
• (c)
W
2
1  2 cos2 
r
143
Laplacian of a vector
• For vector E given in Cartesian coordinates as:
E  xÊ x  yÊ y  zÊ z
the Laplacian of vector E is defined as:
  2
 2
 2

 E   2  2  2 E  xˆ 2 E x  yˆ 2 E y  zˆ 2 E z
2
 x y z 
144
Laplacian of a vector
• In Cartesian coordinates, the Laplacian of a

vector is a vector whose components are equal
to the Laplacians of the vector components.
• Through direct substitution, we can simplify it as
 E      E       E 
2
145

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ELECTROMAGNETIC

UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PERLIS

CHAPTER 1 – VECTOR ANALYSIS

• Dot Product and Cross Product

 A scalar is a quantity that has only

A vector is a quantity that has both

• Cartesian coordinate systems

• A vector A in Cartesian Coordinates

• Vector A shown may

• The vector A has

• A unit vector along vector A is;

• Vector A can be represented as

• The magnitude of A is written as |A| and is

• Unit vector in the direction of vector A is

• Specify the unit vector extending from the

Construct the vector extending from origin

• So, unit vector is

• A and B are equal when they have equal

• For addition and subtraction of A and B,

Hence, the magnitude of 3 A B is:

• A point P in Cartesian coordinate

Point P and Q are located at 0,2,4

• Two types of multiplication:

• The dot product of two vectors of Cartesian

• Since the angle between two unit vectors of

• The two vectors, A and B are said to be

• Dot product obeys the following:

 Properties of dot product of unit vectors:

 It is also along one

• The cross product of two vectors of Cartesian

• By using the properties of cross product, it gives

and be written in more easily remembered

• Cross product obeys the following:

 Properties of cross product of unit vectors:

Or by using cyclic permutation:

Determine the dot product and cross

The dot product is:

The cross product is:

• A scalar triple product is

• A vector triple product is

known as the “bac-cab” rule.

Given A  xˆ  yˆ  zˆ 2 , B  yˆ  zˆ and C  xˆ 2  zˆ 3.

Find (A×B)×C and compare it with A×(B×C).

A similar procedure gives

• Circular Cylindrical coordinates (  ,  , z )

• Consists of three mutually orthogonal axes

• Unit vector of a x , a y , a z in the direction of

• Form by three surfaces or planes:

• Differential in Length dL  da   da  dza z

• Differential volume dV  dddz

A cylinder with radius of  and length of L

(i) The volume enclosed.

(ii) The surface area of that volume.

• (i) For volume enclosed, we integrate;

• (ii) For surface area, we add the area of

The surfaces   3,   5,   100 0

(a) The enclosed volume.

(a) The enclosed volume;

(b) The total area of the enclosed surface:

2.269 5 4.5 2.269

• Point P in spherical coordinate, P(r ,  ,  )

• r distance from origin. Some books use the

•   angle between the z axis and the line from