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Meaning of Perception
Characteristics of the
Situation
•Physical Location
•Social setting
•Organizational Setting
PERCEPTUAL ORGANIZATION
1. Figure Ground
2. Perceptual Grouping
Continuity
Closure
Proximity
Similarity
Figure-Ground
The tendency to distinguish
and focus on a stimulus that
is classified as figure as
opposed to background.
The perceiver uses his
perception in organizing
incoming stimuli into
recognizable figures that are
seen against a ground.
Perceptual Grouping
Closure
The tendency to organize
perceptual stimuli so that,
together, they form a
complete message.
Contd’
c)Proximity: - The principle of proximity
states that a group of objects or people
who are physically close to each other may
be perceived as related to each other so
that they stand out as one unit.
Similarity: - The principle of similarity
states that the greater the similarity
among the objects or people, the greater
the tendency to perceive them as a
common group.
Perceptual Selectivity
Intensity
The intensity of an external
stimulus determines its probability
of being perceived.
A bright light , a strong odor or a
loud noise are more likely to be
noticed.
Size: a larger object is more likely to
be noticed than a smaller object.
Contrast :The stimuli that contradicts
most with the background or the
expectation of people receive
maximum attention.
Repetition: the more number of times
a stimuli is repeated, the more it is
likely to be noticed.
Motion: People give more attention to
moving objects than to stationary
objects.
Novelty and Familiarity: New objects in a
familiar situation or familiar objects in
situation draw the perceiver’s attention.
For example, during job rotation, when
an employee is shifted from one job to
another , he is likely to give more
attention to new job because he has to
perform new duties.
Internal factors
Stereotyping
Halo Effect
Expectancy
Perceptual Defense
Projection
Stereotype: We often tend to classify
people and events into already known or
perceived general categories.
1. Gender role stereotype
2. Age stereotypes
Perceptual Organisation
Selective Attention (or Selecting Stimuli)