Jacket Side Heat Transfer Coefficient

For the figure shown of a typical jacketed vessel,

following are the details of the parameters and flow
regimes:

Dv = internal diameter of the vessel

De= equivalent diameter of the jacket
Dc = equivalent curvature diameter of the jacket
Hj Dv
𝜌×𝑈×𝐷𝑒
Reynolds number is defined as: 𝑅𝑒 =
𝜇
U is the average velocity of the fluid through jacket

For laminar flow, upper limit of Reynolds number is,

Re < 15000 if De / Dc > 0.307
And
Re = 2000 (1+13.2*(De / Dc ) 0.6 )or De / Dc < 0.307
• For laminar flow in conventional jackets, natural convection plays an important role and should be
taken into consideration.
Nusselt number calculation procedure:
 Step 1 . Calculate the mean effective curvature diameter:
𝑑𝑣 2𝐻𝑗
𝑑𝑐 = where tan 𝛼 =
tan 𝛼 π𝑑𝑣
Also, calculate the equivalent diameter of the jacket
𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎
𝑑𝑒 = 4 ∗
𝑤𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
For a simple annular jacket, De = DO-Di
Where, DO = Outer diameter of jacket and Di= Inner diameter of jacket
 Step 2 . Determining the level of the curvature
Curvature is defined in terms of X:
𝑋 = 𝑅𝑒 0.5 𝑑𝑒 𝑃𝑟/𝑑𝑐 0.25

Curvature is high if X > 4.9 and curvature if low if X < 4.9

• For high curvature cases (X>4.9)

• For low curvature cases (X<4.9)

where

Gz is the Graetz number defined by:

𝜋
𝐺𝑧 = Re ∗ Pr ∗ Rt
4

• For low curvature cases , natural convection should also be taken into account
The combined effect of natural and forced convection can be calculated as:

 For turbulent flows, the Nusselt number is given as:

For turbulent flows,

For high curvature
Ge = 1 and m = 0.30
m = 0.18
For low curvature ( )
and m = 0.18
 Example
Input parameters:
• Inlet coolant velocity = 3 m/s
• vessel inner diameter (de) = 2.9 m
• Jacket outer diameter = 3.1 m
• Average velocity in the jacket = 0.016 m/s
• Vessel wall temperature = 327 K
• Coolant inlet temperature = 283 K
• Coolant outlet temperature = 292 K
• Effective jacket height (Hj) = 3.2 m
Calculated parameters:
Re = 6200, therefore, laminar flow
Mean effective curvature diameter, dc =3.58 m
de/dc = 0.10, and X = 72 (therefore, high curvature vessel)
For high curvature, no need to consider natural convection, thus, Nusselt number is given by:

Nu =70.5 and heat transfer coefficient, h= Nu*k/de , h = 113 W/m2K

Coil-side Heat Transfer Coefficient

Figure shows a Stirred vessel with a coil. Various

dimensions of the stirred vessel and coil are as
follows:

T :- Tank diameter
Z :- Liquid height
D :- Impeller diameter
DC :- Mean diameter of coil
C :- Bottom clearance of impeller
B :- Baffle width
d :- Coil tube diameter
SC :- Pitch of the coil
CC :- Coil clearance from tank bottom
ZC :- Height of coil
Estimation of coil-side heat transfer coefficient
• To estimate coil-side heat transfer coefficient, following equation is used
ℎ𝑐 ∗𝑑 𝑑
= 0.023 ∗ 𝑅𝑒 0.8 ∗ 𝑃𝑟 𝑛 ∗ (1 + 3.5 ∗ 𝑑 ) ------------ (1)
𝑘 𝑐
Where,
hc :-Coil side heat transfer coefficient (W/m2 K)
d :- Inner diameter of tube (m)
k :- Thermal conductivity (W/m K)
G :- Mass velocity of liquid (kg/s)
𝜇 :- Liquid viscosity (kg/ms)
dC :- Diameter of coil (m)
𝐺∗𝑑
Re= Reynolds number= 𝜇

𝐶𝑝 ∗𝜇
Pr= Prandtl number= 𝑘
n= 0.3 for fluid being cooled
0.4 for fluid being heated
 Example
Input parameters :
• Mass flow rate of fluid : 4450 kg/h
• Inside diameter of tube (d) : 0.035 m
• Coil diameter (dC) : 1.25 m
• Thermal conductivity (k) : 0.159 W/(m.K)
• Specific Heat (CP) : 1755 J/kg.K
• Density of fluid (ρ) : 880 kg/m3
• Viscosity of liquid (μ) : 5.1*10-4 kg/(m.s)
Determine coil side heat transfer coefficient for fluid being heated.
Calculations:
4450
Mass velocity of fluid (G) = 𝜋 = 1285 kg/s
4
∗0.0352 ∗3600
0.035∗1285
Reynolds Number (Re) = = 88182
5.1∗10−4
1755∗5.1∗10−4
Prandtl number (Pr) :- = 5.63
0.159
Rearranging and using equation (1) for n =0.4, we get hC = 2079 W/(m2 K)
 Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient
• The heat transfer process involves three steps: convective heat transfer between liquid in the
vessel and the heat transfer surface, conduction through the heat transfer surface and convective
heat transfer between heat transfer surface and jacket/coil side fluid.
• Relation between overall heat transfer coefficient and individual film heat transfer coefficients is
given by

1
U= 1 𝑥 1
+ + +𝑟𝑑
ℎ𝑖 𝑘 ℎ𝑜
Where,
U= Overall heat transfer coefficient (W/m2 K)
hi = Convective heat transfer coefficient on process side (Tank side) (W/m2 K)
ho = Convective heat transfer coefficient on service side (Jacket/Coil side) (W/m2 K)
x = thickness of wall (m)
k= Thermal conductivity of tank wall (W/m K)